This article applies Myron Cohen's studies of family division and family management in rural China to an examination of how working class families in urban China cope with the hardships created by industrial transition and housing reform. Senior parents work with their adult children; parental authority retains a critical role. By flexibly shifting powerful domestic roles, senior women, in particular, work with their adult sons in order to transmit the domestic resources necessary to secure the filial services to which they feel entitled. In China's fast-changing economic environment, fuelled by the modernization process, the dynamics of family culture still present effective tools and strategies for individual citizens seeking to protect and advance their own interests.When my fieldwork in China was nearly completed, I paid a farewell visit to Mrs Guan, a retired worker and widow whom I had interviewed at length throughout the summer of 2008. She found my imminent departure distressing. For years, she had no one to talk to about the concerns that were uppermost in her mind: issues related to her late husband (who had suffered from cancer), her divorced son and her grandson. She confided that her greatest fear was not of financial insecurity but of loneliness. Her only child, the son who had divorced his wife, came to visit her only once a year at Chinese New Year, and her ex-daughter-in-law had been awarded custody of her grandson, whom she had not seen for two years. When I asked whether she had the financial resources necessary to move to a nursing home should that become necessary, she practically dragged my research assistant and me into her two-bedroom home. There, she unfolded a floor plan of a
In recent years, increasing studies have been conducted on the mechanism of gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric diseases and non-neuropsychiatric diseases. The academic community has also recognized the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Chronic pain has always been an urgent difficulty for human beings, which often causes anxiety, depression, and other mental symptoms, seriously affecting people’s quality of life. Hyperalgesia is one of the main adverse reactions of chronic pain. The mechanism of gut microbiota in hyperalgesia has been extensively studied, providing a new target for pain treatment. Enterochromaffin cells, as the chief sentinel for sensing gut microbiota and its metabolites, can play an important role in the interaction between the gut microbiota and hyperalgesia through paracrine or neural pathways. Therefore, this systematic review describes the role of gut microbiota in the pathological mechanism of hyperalgesia, learns about the role of enterochromaffin cell receptors and secretions in hyperalgesia, and provides a new strategy for pain treatment by targeting enterochromaffin cells through restoring disturbed gut microbiota or supplementing probiotics.
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