<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><em><span lang="EN-GB">Gynura procumbens</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> has a potency to produce raw material for pharmaceutical industry. Liquid culture systems have significant effects on multiplication rates of organ, so the propagation technology to increase biomass of this plant or organ using the liquid culture system was necessary. This research was conducted to compare biomass production of adventitious roots of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">G. procumbens</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> in different liquid culture (shake flask, temporary immersion bioreactor and balloon-type bubble bioreactor). Adventitious roots culture was maintained in Murashige and Skoog liquid medium supplemented with IBA (indole butyric acid) 5 mg/L and different concentrations of sucrose (10, 30, 50 g/L). Result showed that the highest biomass production (fresh weight) was in shake flask that was 3.9-fold higher than initial explant, while in temporary immersion system was 5.12-fold higher than initial explant, and in balloon- type bubble bioreactor was 13.1-fold higher than initial explant. The highest enhancement of adventitious roots was occurred at sucrose supplementation of 50 g/L. Based on this research we found that the best type of liquid culture to increase biomass of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">G. procumbens</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> adventitious roots was balloon-type bubble bioreactor. Scaling-up of adventitious root culture are necessary to fulfill the need of raw material for pharmaceutical industry and ballon-type bubble bioreactor was the most suitable method to scale up the performance. </span></p>

The valuable extract of bioactive compounds from Gynura procumbens has been widely manufactured into various health products. The demand for these compounds is continuously increasing, but production through conventional farming methods is insufficient due to limited agricultural land and environmental stresses. An alternative to producing plant biomass is in vitro cultivation methods. This method requires less space and enables biomass propagation in a controlled condition that can facilitate stable and efficient production of plant secondary metabolites. This study evaluated the effect of inoculum subculture periods and culture methods on G. procumbens biomass and secondary metabolite production in a bioreactor. The 3-L airlift balloon type-bubble bioreactors was modified in this study to adopt the treatment of 1st-5th subculture periods and fed- and batch-cultivation strategies. We found the G. procumbens adventitious root culture was optimally derived from the 1st subculture produced biomass of 148.02±1.45 g FW and 8.59±0.12 g DW, and TPC (14.48±1.08 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (116.89±0.44 mg KE/g DW and 33.97±0.13 mg QE/g DW). Additionally, the fed method after 28 days of culture using double distilled water replenishment improved adventitious root biomass (213.75±35.00 g FW and 11.21±0.18 g DW), while nutrient replenishment improved TFC (52.14±0.44 mg KE/g DW and 14.54±0.13 mg QE/g DW). These results can be used to optimize the cultivation of G. procumbens adventitious roots in a large-scale bioreactor.

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Adventitious root culture and the development of a bioreactor are methods to obtain biomass and plant bioactive compounds in large quantities faster than conventional plant cultivation. These technologies provide an excellent opportunity to produce biomass and bioactive compounds from plants, especially Gynura procumbens. Previous reports mentioned a small-scale bioreactor could increase biomass and bioactive compounds of G. procumbens adventitious roots. Therefore, a larger bioreactor for adventitious root culture is necessary to develop. In this study, the development of the 19 L pilot bioreactor was successful. The optimal condition for bioreactor sterilization is 1.8 bar for 60 min using an autoclave. We found that G. procumbens adventitious roots culture in pilot bioreactors has resulted in optimal biomass using MS-Tek media (technical grade) compared to MS-PA (pro analyze) media after 35 d of the culture period. Although, higher productivity of total phenolics and total flavonoids in G. procumbens roots has been achieved from MS-PA media rather than MS-Tek media. In further study, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of technical-grade chemicals on kinetics root growth and chemical uptake. The hope is to obtain a suitable media formulation with affordable cost for adventitious root culture production.