The International Space Station (ISS) is scheduled to remain in orbit for a decade. Over its lifetime, the ISS has been and will continue to be exposed to a variety of natural and induced space environments effects. For the ISS to continue fulfilling its mission as an on-orbit science platform, these effects have to be assessed, monitored, and addressed via design or operational mitigation. For the ISS Program, the Environments team works to address these space environments effects. The Environments group is divided into the following space environments disciplines: external contamination, ionizing radiation, neutral atmosphere and solar ultraviolet radiation, plasma effects, and acoustics. This paper discusses some of the activities conducted by the Environments group to support ISS operations and ensure that the vehicle performs well over time. These activities include efforts in the following areas: imaging assessment, venting and thruster operation effects, optical property degradation assessments, effects on science operations, ionospheric plasma charging effects, ionizing radiation effects, and noise control in habitable areas. The lessons learned and processes developed for ISS are applicable to the design, assembly, and operations of long-duration space systems including new space station designs and missions to the Moon and Mars.

NASA's activities to prepare for Flight LF1 (STS-114) included development of a method to repair the Thermal Protection System (TPS) of the Orbiter's leading edge should it be damaged during ascent by impacts from foam, ice, etc…. Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) is used for the leading edge TPS. The repair material that was developed is named NonOxide Adhesive eXperimental (NOAX). NOAX is an uncured adhesive material that acts as an ablative repair material. NOAX completes curing during the Orbiter's descent. The Thermal Protection System (TPS) Detailed Test Objective 848 (DTO 848) performed on Flight LF1 (STS-114) characterized the working life, porosity void size in a micro-gravity environment, and the on-orbit performance of the repairs to pre-damaged samples. DTO 848 is also scheduled for Flight ULF1.1 (STS-121) for further characterization of NOAX onorbit performance. Due to the high material outgassing rates of the NOAX material and concerns with contamination impacts to optically sensitive surfaces, ASTM E 1559 outgassing tests were performed to determine NOAX condensable outgassing rates as a function of time and temperature. Sensitive surfaces of concern include the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) visor, cameras, and other sensors in proximity to the experiment during the initial time after application. This paper discusses NOAX outgassing characteristics, how the amount of deposition on optically sensitive surfaces while the NOAX is being manipulated on the pre-damaged RCC samples was determined by analysis, and how flight rules were developed to protect those optically sensitive surfaces from excessive contamination where necessary.

This paper presents an overview of International Space Station (ISS) on-orbit environments exposure flight experiments. International teams are flying, or preparing to fly, externally mounted materials exposure trays and sensor packages. The samples in these trays are exposed to a combination of induced molecular contamination, ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen, ionizing radiation, micrometeoroids and orbital debris. Exposed materials samples are analyzed upon return. Typical analyses performed on these samples include optical property measurements, X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles, scanning electron microscope (SEM) surface morphology and materials properties measurements. The objective of these studies is to characterize the long-term effects of the natural and induced environments on spacecraft materials. Ongoing flight experiments include the U.S. Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) program, the Japanese Micro-Particles Capturer and Space Environment Exposure Device (SM/MPAC&SEED) experiment, the Russian SKK and Kromka experiments from RSC-Energia, and the Komplast flight experiment. Flight experiments being prepared for flight, or in development stage, include the Japanese Space Environment Data Acquisition Attached Payload (SEDA-AP), the Russian BKDO monitoring package from RSC-Energia, and the European Materials Exposure and Degradation Experiment (MEDET). Results from these ISS flight experiments will be crucial to extending the performance and life of long-duration space systems such as Space Station, Space Transportation System, and other missions for Moon and Mars exploration.

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