Purpose This study aimed to investigate the association of Demodex infestation with pediatric chalazia. Methods In a prospective study, 446 children with chalazia and 50 children with non-inflammatory eye disease (controls) who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled from December 2018 to December 2019. Patient ages ranged from 7 months to 13 years old. All patients underwent eyelash sampling for light microscope examination, and statistical correlation analysis between Demodex infestation and chalazia, including the occurrence, recurrence, and course of disease, morphological characteristics, and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in chalazia patients was performed. Results Demodex was found in 236 (52.91%) patients with chalazia and zero control patients. Demodicosis was significantly more prevalent in chalazia patients than the control group (P < 1 × 10− 14). Recurrent chalazia (P = 0.006) and skin surface involvement (P = 0.029) were highly correlated with Demodex infestation. Demodicosis was also associated with multiple chalazia (P = .023) and MGD(P = .024). However, Demodex infestation was comparable in the course of disease (P = 0.15), seasonal change (P = 0.68) and blepharitis subgroups (P = 0.15). Within the group of chalazia patients who underwent surgical removal of cysts, 4 (0.9%) patients with concurrent demodicosis experienced recurrence. Conclusions Demodex infestation was more prevalent in pediatric chalazia patients than healthy children, and was associated with recurrent and multiple chalazia. Demodicosis should be considered as a risk factor of chalazia. In children with chalazia, Demodex examination and comprehensive treatment of Demodex mites should be applied to potentially prevent recurrence.

Purpose: To analyze the efficacy of three different doses of bevacizumab treatment on Threshold retinopathy of prematurity during different periods . Methods: 36 cases (72 eyes) of infants with threshold ROP were analyzed, whom were treated with intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg, 0.75 mg or 0.5 mg bevacizumab respectively from October 1st, 2016 to September 30th, 2017. After treatment, fundus examination results during five time points were recorded and classified into four grades according to the efficacy. Results: There were significant differences in the changes of fundus among the 3 groups from the 4th day to the 4th week after treatment （P<0.01）. In the 1.25 mg group, there was a significant difference in the changes of fundus on the 4th day after treatment VS. the 2nd week after treatment (P<0.001). In the 0.75 mg and 0.5 mg group respectively, the changes of fundus were significantly different between each consecutive time points of the 4th day, 2nd week, 4th week and 2nd month after treatment (P<0.001,P=0.001,P=0.002; P<0.001,P=0.001,P=0.003). The proportion of normal retinal vessels respectively in 1.25 mg , 0.75 mg and 0.5 mg group is 66.67%、43.48% and 50% in the 3rd month after treatment.Conclusion: Retinal complete vascularization was slightly better in 1.25 mg group, but failed to reach a statistical significance. Based on results, the lowest dose 0.5 mg may be preferred since our final results were similar (p>0.05). Long-term follow-up of fundus changes was still needed to avoid recurrence of ROP whatever the dose of bevacizumab was uesed.