Catalytic chemical degradations and many other methodologies have been explored for the removal and/or degradation of organophosphorus agents (OPs) that are often used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. To explore more efficient and recyclable catalysts for the removal and/or degradation of OPs, we fabricate the composites of cobalt nanoparticles and three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene (Co/3DNG). We demonstrate that OPs can be hydrolyzed efficiently at ambient temperature by the Co/3DNG. Because of the unique structural and chemical properties of the supporting matrix 3DNG and active species Co−N, the catalytic activities of Co/3DNG composites are much higher than those of bare 3DNG, Co nanoparticles, or the Co nanoparticles physically mixed with 3DNG. We conclude that in the Co/3DNG composites, the interaction between 3DNG and Co stabilizes and distributes well the Co nanoparticles and affords the active catalytic species Co−N.

Chemoselectively oxidizing Cα−OH to C=O has been considered as a key step for the oxidative depolymerization of lignin. In this work, we design and prepare a series of composites of RuCo alloy nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (RuCo/rGO) with different Ru to Co ratios and explore their catalytic activities in the oxidation of veratryl alcohol derivatives, which usually serve as the model compounds for studying lignin oxidation. It is illustrated that the Ru to Co ratio determines the morphology and average size of the RuCo alloy nanoparticles on rGO, and the overall catalytic activities of the composites. The RuCo alloy nanoparticles on rGO with Ru to Co ratios of 1 : 0 to 1.2 : 1 show a unique flower‐shaped morphology that increases the exposure of the active sites and thus promotes their contact with the substrates. The RuCo/rGO composites exhibit high catalytic activities for the oxidation of Cα−OH to aldehydes at 100 °C for 2 h. Additionally, the Co component affords the RuCo/rGO composites with magnetic properties that make the separation and recovery of the catalyst simple. Given the high catalytic performances and easy recovery, the RuCo/rGO composites would be potentially useful for the depolymerization of lignin.

The cleavage of β‐O‐4 linkage in lignin is one of the key steps for oxidative conversion of lignin to low‐molecular‐weight aromatics. Herein, Co nanoparticles embedded in three‐dimensional network of nitrogen‐doped graphene (Co/NG@3DNG‐X) were prepared through an immersion‐pyrolysis procedure, in which X denotes the pyrolysis temperature. The detailed characterization of Co/NG@3DNG‐X shows that the Co nanoparticles are coated with a few layers of nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) sheets that are further embedded in 3DNG matrix. The catalytic activities of the Co/NG@3DNG‐X for the oxidative cleavage of β‐O‐4 linkage in lignin model compounds with O2 as oxidant are explored. It is demonstrated that catalytic activities of as‐prepared Co/NG@3DNG‐X can be tuned by varying the pyrolysis condition, and the Co/NG@3DNG‐900 shows the highest catalytic activity, which is attributed to the enriched Co‐Nx species, the strong surface basicity, the high specific surface and the mesoporous motif of 3DNG network. More pronouncedly, the Co/NG@3DNG‐900 can also effectively catalyze the oxidative cleavage of organosolv lignin, generating certain monomeric aromatics. Additionally, the intrinsic magnetic property of Co nanoparticles makes the Co/NG@3DNG‐X be easily recovered from the reaction mixture, and the as‐coated thin NG layer can protect Co nanoparticle from oxidation condition, which putting together afford the Co/NG@3DNG‐X with good reusability and stability.