The authors suggest that the unique scapular mechanics which permit the extreme shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction that characterise volleyball spiking and serving place anatomically predisposed volleyball athletes at increased risk for developing cumulative traction-related injury to the suprascapular nerve at the level of the spinoglenoid notch.

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Special Operation Forces (SOF) participating in Mountain Warfare/Cold Weather (MWCW) training have higher energy demands, but adequate fueling is difficult to achieve. The purpose of the study was to determine energy expenditure relative to energy intake and examine fueling patterns during 3 days of MWCW training in Naval Special Warfare SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) Students. Ten SQT Students (age: 23.3±1.8yrs, height: 182.3±6.4 cm, weight: 83.6±4.5 kg) were fitted for heart rate and accelerometer monitors during MWCW training. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was determined using a combination of direct observation and HR-VO2 regression. Total daily energy intake (TDEI) was collected using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour recall (ASA24). TDEE for River Crossing (RC), Alpine Skills (AS), and Mountain Patrol (MP) were 3913±293, 4207±400, and 5457±828 kcals, respectively. Reported TDEIs were 2854±657 (RC) and 2289±680 kcals (MP), producing 1044±784 and 3112±1420 kcal deficits respectively. SQT Students consumed 258±95 grams (3.1±1.3 g/kg/day) of carbohydrates, 130±55 grams (1.6±0.7 g/kg/day) of protein, and 113±39 grams (1.4±0.5 g/kg/day) of fat. MWCW training evolutions elicited high TDEE and inadequate energy intake, especially before and during active training sessions, which may lead to decreased work output, early onset fatigue and increased risk of injury. Increasing TDEI by providing fuel/fluids primarily carbohydrates during the planned breaks and "down times" of each training evolution and focusing on provision of the balance of calories/macronutrients needed for a more complete and expedited recovery over dinner and evening snacks will help to bridge the energy gap.

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