U većini zemalja svijeta kobilje mlijeko oduvijek je bilo cijenjeno zbog svojih ljekovitih svojstava pa se danas sve više koristi u prehrambenoj, kozmetičkoj i farmaceutskoj industriji, te kao zamjena humanom mlijeku u prehrani novorođenčadi. Procjenjuje se da oko 30 milijuna ljudi u svijetu konzumira kobilje mlijeko. Posljednjih godina kobilje mlijeko postaje i u Hrvatskoj sve interesantniji proizvod zbog svog specifičnog sastava i svojstava. Kobilje mlijeko danas je predmet brojnih istraživanja i rasprava zbog optimalnog omjera kazeina i proteina sirutke te visoke probavljivosti, što ga čini prihvatljivim za prehranu dojenčadi. Cilj rada je prikazati kemijski sastav te najvažnija svojstva kobiljeg mlijeka kao i mogućnosti njegove primjene. Zbog visokog udjela proteina mliječnog seruma, kobilje mlijeko je bogat izvor esencijalnih aminokiselina i pogodno je za prehranu ljudi. Lipidi kobiljeg mlijeka sadrže manje triacilglicerola (oko 80 %) za razliku od humanog i kravljeg mlijeka (oko 98 % u oba mlijeka), dok je veći udio fosfolipida (oko 5 %) i slobodnih masnih kiselina (oko 9 %) u usporedbi s kravljim i humanim mlijekom. Kobilje mlijeko sadrži visoku koncentraciju višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina, nizak sadržaj kolesterola, visok udio laktoze te vitamina A, B i C.

Crossbreeding of Holstein cattle with bulls of other breeds has garnered increasing interest with respect to efforts to improve performance traits and to decrease problems with fertility and health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene on milk production traits and fatty acid composition of Simmental and first-generation Holstein × Simmental crossbred cows. A total of 105 cows (72 Simmental and 33 crossbred Holstein) were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method and their fatty acid profiles were analysed. The crossbred Holstein cows with diplotype TW/AR had significantly higher fat content and yield compared to the purebred Simmental cows of the same diplotype. The Holstein × Simmental cows with the diplotype AR/AR were also characterised by significantly lower content of C16:0 and saturated fatty acids, but higher C18:1n9, monounsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid content compared to the same diplotype of the Simmental cattle. These results indicate that with accurate breeding plans, crossbreeding Holstein cows with Simmental bulls could be directed towards a more desirable fatty acid composition of milk and dairy products.

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In addition to the production of albumin cheese, biogas and whey powder, whey has also been used as a raw material for the production of alcoholic beverages. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of using Istrian albumin cheese whey in the production of whey distillate. Three batches of Istrian albumin cheese were produced in a small-scale cheese plant. The remaining whey after the production of albumin cheese was fermented using Kluyveromyces marxianus subsp. marxianus for 5 days and then distilled. In the whey samples before and after fermentation, the content of total solids, protein, milk fat and lactose was determined. The ethanol content and the composition of volatile compounds in the distillate was determined. The content of all components of the chemical composition of whey, except for the content of fat, decreased during fermentation. In the whey distillate with an alcohol content of 35%, the following compounds were determined: acetaldehyde, methanol, n-propanol, i-butanol, n-butanol, 3-methyl-1-ol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol and ethyl-lactate. The distillate obtained confirmed the potential of using whey for the production of spirits. However, further research is needed due to the potential presence of the harmful effects of certain volatile compounds on human health.

The generally accepted concept of the necessity of producing safe foods has indirectly influenced the decision to replace chemical preservatives with natural ones. Bacteriocins, and in particular those synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the food industry, are considered to be their effective replacement. In controlling the growth of microbial pathogens and/or the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in food, with the permitted nisin and pediocin, a significant antibacterial effect has been shown for most LAB bacteriocins. However, the use of purified bacteriocins as bio preservatives in cheese production is limited. To inhibit the growth of bacteria L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and C. tyrobutyricum in cheese, bacteriocinogenic LAB strains contained in primary, adjunct or protective culture are much more acceptable in cheese production.