Background:The authors assume that 8-month systematic physical activity with individually selected resistance of progressively increasing volume and intensity will counteract the processes related to regress of motricity and the unfavourable change of body composition in people over 40 years old. Material and methods: The research involved 178 persons (92 women and 86 men) aged 40-61 years old. The participants pursued training with small and medium weights, broken down into a younger (40-50 years) and an older (51-61 years) group. The workout plan was modelled on the adaptive strength training method (ASTM), which is used by weightlifters and bodybuilders. The change in overall physical fitness was assessed by means of the Pilicz test, body mobility and changes in selected parameters of body composition.Results: In both groups (51-61 years old and 40-50 years old), a decrease in body weight and the adipose tissue and improved physical fitness and body mobility were noted. The most significant result was an increase by 18% of the lower limbs strength in women and men, while in the case of the upper limbs, the increase in strength in males was by 19% and in women by as much as 31%. Furthermore, levelling of overall fitness among the ASTM participants occurred.Conclusions: Extensive mobilisation of the motor apparatus that is ensured by adaptive training offers highly beneficial effects in the fight against the symptoms of aging. After consultation with a doctor, this workout may be found useful in the prevention of injuries, the motor system dysfunctions, overweight and cardiovascular diseases in adults.

BackgroundAmong specific coordination abilities, kinesthetic differentiation capacity of movement belongs to the most crucial factors fostering rational human behavior in the surrounding environment. The capacity is universal -indispensable in nearly all sports disciplines. One of the most important constituent elements of kinesthetic differentiation is the so-called "force sense," defined as differentiation of movement with respect to administering appropriate force. The authors of the study analyzed the correlation between the maximum force level in lower limbs and the accuracy of applying a targeted force value. Material/MethodsThe study was conducted on 54 participants, students from the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław. To determine the maximum force (Fmax) and force sense in lower limbs, a specialist device was used, "the characterograph of muscle strength in limbs". ResultsThe mean force sense was 43.28 N in the participants' left lower limbs, and 58.33 N in the right limbs. The mean maximum force (Fmax) was higher in the right lower limb (897.17 N) than in the left one (769.94 N). The correlation coefficient between the variables of the maximum force level and the force sense in the left lower limb was 0.38. The same level of correlation was observed for the right lower limb (0.37). ConclusionsThe positive correlation observed between the higher level of maximum force and kinesthetic differentiation of lower limbs in students from the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław implies that a training session appropriately planned to raise the maximum force level may positively influence the force sense value.

Ocena preferowanych predyspozycji trenera personalnego Rating preferred predisposition personal trainer Streszczenie Usługi świadczone przez trenerów personalnych w Polsce cieszą się coraz większym zainteresowaniem. Sytuacja prawna tej grupy zawodowej jest w Polsce nieuregulowana, co stwarza wiele wątpliwości dotyczących kompetencji oraz predyspozycji trenera personalnego. Istotą przedstawionych w pracy badań jest określenie zmian, w zakresie postrzegania kompetencji trenera, zachodzących na przestrzeni ostatnich lat. Badania wykonano w roku 2009 i powtórzono w roku 2015 w klubach fitness mieszczących się na terenie województwa dolnośląskiego. W badaniach wzięło udział 240 ankietowanych, w tym 72 kobiety i 168 mężczyzn. Wynika badań wskazują, że na przestrzeni lat, liczba osób korzystających regularnie z usług trenera wzrosła prawie dwukrotnie. W istotny sposób wzrosła liczba osób dla których zawód trenera łączy się z coraz lepszą oceną społeczną i jego autorytet stale rośnie. 67,5% badanych uważa, że trener powinien być mocno zbudowany i mieć mieszane cechy osobowości.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week strength training program on force accuracy and steadiness changes in lower limbs in young healthy men. Twenty subjects with a dominant right lower limb were included. They performed a force matching task both pre and post strength training program. The ability to reproduce force was determined by calculating three errors: absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE). After intervention AE and VE improved in both legs indicating higher improvement in the dominant leg (p = 0.032 for AE and p = 0.005 for VE). However, CE improved only in the dominant leg (p = 0.001). We conclude that strength training improved the accuracy and consistency of force in a force reproduction task. This improvement was more evident in the dominant lower limb. Most likely, the inter-limb asymmetry in changes of force application ability caused by strength training is due to the different mechanisms responsible for the control of voluntary movements in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb.