In Poland and the world, cancer is a serious health problem. There are the second cause of death in total and the first cause of death before the age of 65 in Poland. The paper presents some research results concerning the understanding of the level of knowledge of adolescents about lung cancer. An attempt was made to answer the question: Do young people have basic knowledge about lung cancer? The following hypotheses were made: Students believe that they influ-ence whether they will develop lung cancer. Adolescents have a basic knowledge of lung cancer. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of conclusions. The main goal of the work is to find out about the level of knowledge of young people about lung cancer.To improve the situation of lung cancer in society, numerous social organizations and associations take part in social campaigns dedicated to all citizens, regardless of age and sex. Some postulates, the introduction of which could increase the health security of the state and eliminate some environmental threats, such as passive smoking, will be presented below. These postulates have the overarching goal of changing the model of lung cancer prevention and care in Poland. The changes should be comprehensive - from prevention (primary and secondary), through diagnostics and treatment, post-treatment care (including rehabilitation and psycho-oncological care), to observation aimed at detecting and treating complications of the disease and anti-cancer therapy as well as early detection of possible recurrence of the disease. Given that smoking is becoming a bad habit of the younger age group than the study, it would be worthwhile to expand the age range and conduct such research among children, for example, from the age of 7 years. At this age, children are more receptive to and aware of health hazards.

The purpose of the article is to study prerequisites for the development of preventive measures against office syndrome among women of working age.  Material and methods. The research involved 52 female office employees 21 to 57 years old.  Results. The extended clustering of the original data using EM method with the performance of V-fold crosschecking has shown that female office employees are clearly divided into two clusters depending on the manifestation of office syndrome. Despite our assumptions, their division does not depend on age or length of service in the office, but on the manifestation of office syndrome and behavioral characteristics in the work process. Women assigned to different clusters are characterized by statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between the level of pain in the joints and spine. The research has found that among female office employees with increased musculoskeletal pain, there are statistically significantly (p<0.05) more women with significant overweight and spinal diseases. They are less likely to take active breaks when working at a computer and a larger percentage of them use information technology for entertainment purposes outside the office for 3-4 hours a day. However, a smaller percentage of them work with a PC for more than 7 hours a day. Women with predominant musculoskeletal pain differ in their lifestyle and point to fundamentally different reasons that stop them from taking measures to prevent the risk of occupational diseases. In particular, among female office employees with no office syndrome, a statistically significant (p<0.05) larger share does not need to expand knowledge about the organization of health care in the office and among them the share of those who lead a passive lifestyle predominates.  Conclusions. Thus, these women are potentially at risk of developing office syndrome and, with the absence of preventive measures, are expected to move to the cluster of women with signs of office syndrome. The results of the research indicate the need for different approaches to planning health measures in the work environment, depending on the presence of office syndrome and the level of their responsible attitude to health in the work process.

No abstract

Okres pandemii nie jest okresem sprzyjającym aktywnościom fizycznym, zabaw rekreacyjnych, korzystania z wypoczynku i rekreacji na świeżym powietrzu. Wiele osób z powodu izolacji lub kwarantanny zamkniętych jest w domu lub dobrowolnie zostają w domu przed obawą zakażeniem wirusem. Przez ponad rok odkąd trwa pandemia w kraju Polacy zrezygnowali z wielu aktywności fizycznych co bardzo negatywnie wpływa na ich stan zdrowia i samopoczucie. Wiele osób podjęło się pracy zdalnej, spędzanie ośmiu czy dziesięciu godzin przed ekranem laptopa w pozycji siedzącej często zgarbionej nie wpływa korzystnie na organizm człowieka. Zgodnie z zaleceniami dotyczącymi pandemii przez bardzo długi okres byliśmy zamknięci w domach wbrew naszej woli, ograniczone zostały nawet spacery w najbliższej okolicy. W ostatnim czasie ludzie są również bardziej narażeni na stres, który wywołują negatywnie wiadomości w telewizji oraz wiadomości o izolacji czy sama sytuacja pandemii. Aktywność fizyczna oraz zabawy ruchowe, przebywanie na świeżym powietrzu jest niezbędne dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania oraz dla zdrowia psychicznego i fizycznego. W okresie pandemii dbanie o odpowiednią ilość aktywności fizycznych czy zabaw rekreacyjnych u dzieci i dorosłych jest bardzo utrudnione. W pierwszej części pracy znajdziemy informację o tym jak pandemia wpływa na dorosłych i dzieci. Jak wpływa na psychikę, stan zdrowia i stan psychiczny oraz porównanie izolacji w mieszkaniu w bloku, a we własnym domu z ogrodem. W części drugiej eseju przeczytamy jak pandemia wpływa na edukacje zdrowotną w szkołach, na zajęcia wychowania fizycznego u dzieci, których przeprowadzenie jest mocno uniemożliwione oraz jak brak kontaktu z rówieśnikami wpływa na kondycję psychiczną uczniów. W trzeciej części trzeciej pracy opisano jakie zabawy rekreacyjne oraz formy zabaw na świeżym powietrzu i w domu można wykonywać w okresie pandemii, jak wpływają na to obostrzenia aktualnie panujące. W czwartej ostatniej części pracy zostało opisane jak podczas pandemii nie doprowadzić do pogorszenia stanu zdrowia, obniżenia kondycji oraz jak zadbać o kondycje dzieci po całym dniu przed komputerem. Od przynajmniej 20 lat w krajach wysoko uprzemysłowionych mówi się wręcz o epidemii „lenistwa ruchowego”, która jest nie tylko skutkiem tych udogodnień, ale i niedocenianiu znaczenia wysiłku fizycznego dla zdrowia człowieka. Aktualnie w dobie pandemii koronawirusa, aktywność fizyczna jest jeszcze mniej doceniania oraz społeczeństwo zapomina, że regularnie uprawiając sport można poprawić swój stan zdrowotny, swoje zdrowie psychiczne i fizyczne.

Background: Both in the most distant history and nowadays, travel is accompanied by danger. Nowadays, insecurity is becoming a basic barrier to tourist travel to high-risk areas. The aim of the study was to make a comparative review related to the subject of travel danger in retrospective terms. Material and methods: In a scholarly review, the authors mainly used the historical method, the method of establishing historical facts, the comparative method. The method of analysis and criticism of literature was also used. Results: Travel safety is not a common topic of historical literature on tourism. Although we have many fragmentary accounts in the diary literature, in Polish historiography there are no scholarly monographic works and articles that put the subject of travel safety in a historical context. Conclusions: Travel has always been accompanied by danger. Nowadays, insecurity is becoming a basic barrier to tourist travel to high-risk areas. Threats on the road are of a difficult nature to predict, from the dangers caused by the forces of nature to the deadly threat resulting from human actions, most often with an intent to rob, but also against a political (terrorism), religious or national background. Despite the ongoing civilizational changes, including the extraordinary dynamics of cultural changes, the dangers of travel still show an analogy to the former days. The end of the nineteenth century was a borderline period, it marked the irretrievable end of primitive road banditry. The development of safe communication, the emergence of strong state bodies in Europe with a developed system of security apparatus effectively limited and then eliminated the epicentres of high-risk areas, which does not mean the complete elimination of road banditry. Also today, information about attacks on tourists is coming from some regions of Europe, the mechanisms and methods are confusingly similar to those known from history.