Graphical abstract Environmental noise has been growing in recent years, causing numerous health problems. Highly sensitive environments such as hospitals deserve special attention, since noise can aggravate patients’ health issues and impair the performance of healthcare professionals. This work consists of a systematic review of scientific articles describing environmental noise measurements taken in hospitals between the years 2015 and 2020. The researchers started with a consultation of three databases, namely, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The results indicate that for the most part, these studies are published in journals in the fields of medicine, engineering, environmental sciences, acoustics, and nursing and that most of their authors work in the fields of architecture, engineering, medicine, and nursing. These studies, which are concentrated in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, use as reference values sound levels recommended by the World Health Organization. L eq measured in hospital environments showed daytime values ranging from 37 to 88.6 dB (A) and nighttime values of 38.7 to 68.8 dB (A). L eq values for outdoor noise were 74.3 and 56.6 dB (A) for daytime and nighttime, respectively. The measurements were taken mainly inside hospitals, prioritizing more sensitive departments such as intensive care units. There is a potential for growth in work carried out in this area, but research should also include discussions about guidelines for improvement measures aimed at reducing noise in hospitals.
Introduction: Brazilian spotted fever is an emerging zoonosis notified mainly in the Southeast of Brazil, especially due to its high level of lethality. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and spatial pattern of the disease in the municipality of Valinhos (106,793 inhabitants), São Paulo, Southeastern region of Brazil, in the period between 2001 and 2012. Methods: All laboratory-confirmed cases with likely site of infection in the city (n = 49) notified in the Brazilian Case Registry Database were studied. Sites were geocoded using the cartographic base of the city and Google Earth (geographic coordinates) with correction according to the Brazilian Geodetic System. We used the Kernel estimator to analyze the density of the cases on the map. Land cover and distance to basins of all cases were analyzed. Information about tick species and primary hosts were obtained from reports of the Superintendence of Control of Endemic Diseases. Results: Seasonality of the disease was observed with the highest incidence from June to November, and in 2005 and 2011. The most affected groups were men (79.6%) aged 20-49 years old (49%). Lethality was found to be 42.9%. Maps showed the progressive registration of cases in the urban area. Capybaras were reported as the main primary host, and Amblyomma cajennense was identified in probable sites of infection during field investigation. The likely sites of infection were mostly located near basins, dirty pastures, and bordering woods. Conclusions: The transmission pattern of Brazilian spotted fever in Valinhos is similar to that in other cities in the region, where capybara is the main primary host and an amplifier of R. rickettsii. Over the years, a higher occurrence of cases has been identified in the urban area of the city.
Os corredores ecológicos possuem a importante função de permitir que os animais transitem com segurança de um fragmento florestal ao outro, favorecendo a dispersão de sementes e manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados aos seres humanos. O presente estudo propôs um corredor ecológico ligando o Parque Natural Municipal Corredores de Biodiversidade à Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, através do uso de geoprocessamento para o cálculo da direção do fluxo utilizando o modelo do algoritmo Deterministic (D8) para selecionar o melhor percurso em função do menor custo para sua implantação. Verificaram-se diferentes classes de uso do solo e cobertura vegetal ao longo do corredor ecológico, o qual possui uma extensão de aproximadamente 14,3 km e área total de 270 ha, dos quais cerca de 19,4% do corredor ecológico encontra-se em áreas de APP’s, isto é, protegida legalmente, o que facilitaria a manutenção e criação deste e praticamente não está inserido em áreas urbanas (0,8%), porém 13,8% do mesmo se encontra em propriedades agrícolas, o que necessitaria de uma fiscalização constante para sua preservação. Constatou-se que as técnicas de geoprocessamento são importantes ferramentas na criação e manutenção dos corredores ecológicos e, ainda, serve de suporte no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que buscam garantir a sustentabilidade destas unidades de conservação e suas conexões.
Indicadores morfométricos são importantes mecanismos para a comunicação de informações resumidas ou para a provisão de bases sólidas sobre as características físicas de bacias hidrográficas, o que possibilita adequar o manejo do uso e ocupação do solo e cobertura vegetal com base nessas características, visando garantir a sustentabilidade e influenciando no bem estar dos seres vivos. Portanto, nesse estudo, construiu-se um Índice de Análise Morfométrica e Aptidão do Uso do Solo e Cobertura Vegetal (IMUS) que integrou informações morfométricas e o atual uso e ocupação do solo na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una, utilizando, em seu cálculo, bases científicas, indicadores morfométricos e técnicas de geoprocessamento. Os valores obtidos para os indicadores morfométricos demonstraram que a bacia apresenta características físicas desejáveis quanto à vulnerabilidade a processos erosivos, entretanto, o uso e ocupação do solo da Bacia Hidrográfica contrasta com a aptidão calculada na região nordeste da bacia apresentando baixos valores, o que refletiu no valor final do IMUS. Desta forma, o IMUS se mostrou um importante instrumento para a análise das características morfométricas e uso e ocupação do solo para a previsão de enchentes e controle da susceptibilidade à erosão das sub-bacias hidrográficas, podendo ser uma ferramenta de apoio na gestão de bacias hidrográficas e servir de suporte no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. A B S T R A C T Morphometric indicators are important mechanisms for reporting summary information or for the provision of a solid foundation on the watersheds physical characteristics, which make possible to adapt the land use and management of the vegetation cover, based on those characteristics in order to ensure sustainability and influence on the welfare of human beings. Therefore, in this study, a Morphometric Analysis and Aptitude of the Land Use and Vegetal Cover (IMUS) was created, incorporating morphological information and current land use and occupation in Una River Basin, using in its calculation, scientific basis, morphometric indicators and geoprocessing techniques. The morphometric indicators of the values obtained showed that the watershed presents desirable physical characteristics in terms of erosion vulnerability, however, the watershed land use and occupation contrasts with the aptitude calculated in the northeast of the basin showing low values, which resulted in the final amount of IMUS. Thus, the IMUS has proved to be an important tool for the morphometric characteristics analysis and land use and occupation to forecast floods and erosion susceptibility control of sub-basins, allowing it to be a support tool in the management of watersheds and in the public policies development. Keywords: Morphometric indicators; Watershed; Geoprocessing.
ResumoIndicadores ambientais são importantes mecanismos para a comunicação de informações resumidas ou para a provisão de bases sólidas sobre o estado de degradação dos recursos hídricos em Bacias Hidrográficas. Portanto, nesse estudo construiu-se um Índice de Potencial Degradação dos Recursos Hídricos (IPDRH) que enfoca a degradação das matas ciliares, tipo de esgotamento sanitário e a forma de abastecimento de água presentes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una. Este índice utilizou em seu cálculo, bases científicas e técnicas de geoprocessamento. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que os valores de IPDRH estão abaixo de 0,5; isto é, abaixo de 50% do valor máximo admissível para esse índice, o que é explicado em parte pelos baixos valores de conservação das matas ciliares, enquanto que, as regiões sul e central da bacia hidrográfica apresentaram menores valores devido à falta de gestão na distribuição das águas para consumo humano e lançamento de esgotos domésticos. A área urbana em comparação a área rural apresentou os melhores valores de IPDRH, justificável pelo acesso da população às melhores condições de saneamento básico e a baixa exposição às possíveis contaminações da água. Palavras-chave: Degradação, Recursos hídricos, Geoprocessamento, Saneamento básico AbstractEnvironmental indicators are important mechanisms for reporting summary information or for provide a solid basis about the state of degradation of water resources in Watershed. Therefore, in this study we built up a Water Resources Potential Degradation Index (WRPDI) that focuses on the degradation of riparian forests, type of sanitation and the form of water supply present in Una River Watershed. This index use in your calculation, scientific basis and geoprocessing techniques. From the results, we found that WRPDI values are below 0.5, this is, below 50% of the maximum permissible value for this index, which is partly explained by the low values of conservation in riparian forests while the southern and central regions showed very low values due to the lack of water distribution management for human consumption and discharge of domestic sewage. The urban areas compared to rural areas showed the best WRPDI values, justified by population access to better sanitation conditions and low exposure to possible water contamination.
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