Research suggests that ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm may rely on dichotomous categorization, not social categorization per se. Dichotomous categorization may prime competition because of its unique cultural significance. Young children often do not demonstrate the culturally shaped cognitive tendencies of their elders, even though they can. Thus, young children may not show bias in the minimal group context. Two experiments examined these issues. In Experiment 1, children completed a minimal groups task in two-or three-group conditions. They received no prime, a neutral prime, or a competitive prime. As predicted, children did not display ingroup bias in two-or three-group conditions unless competitively primed. In Experiment 2, undergraduate students completed a minimal groups task in two-or three-group conditions. They received no prime or a competitive prime. As predicted, undergraduates displayed bias in two-group contexts. They displayed bias in three-group contexts only when competitively primed.

Men appear to underreport current IPV perpetration in face-to-face primary care encounters when compared to other methods of reporting. Men may more readily report past IPV perpetration in face-to-face encounters.

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Two studies considered the way in which the magnitude of exposure to television relates to children's understanding and interpretation of others' nonverbal behavior. In the first study, 6th graders made judgments regarding other children whose nonverbal facial behavior did not match their internal emotional state. Results showed that heavier television viewers held a less differentiated, more simplistic view of the consequences of nonverbal self‐presentation strategies. In the second study, children in Grades 2 through 6 made judgments of others' nonverbal expressions of emotion. As predicted, heavier television viewers were better at decoding others' nonverbal expressions than lighter viewers, presumably because of their greater exposure to nonverbal displays of emotion on television. In addition, nonverbal decoding skills improved with age.

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