Autogenous arm vein has been used successfully in a wide variety of lower-extremity revascularization procedures and has achieved excellent long- and short-term patency and limb salvage rates, higher than those generally reported for prosthetic or cryopreserved grafts. Its durability and easy accessibility make it an alternative conduit of choice when an adequate saphenous vein is not available.

Diabetic VSMCs exhibit significantly increased rates of proliferation, adhesion, and migration as well as abnormal cell culture morphology suggestive of abnormal contact inhibition. These observations of human VSMCs in culture are consistent with the increased rate of infragenicular atherosclerosis and the increased rates of restenosis observed clinically in diabetic patients. The atherosclerosis- and intimal hyperplasia-promoting behavior exhibited appears to be intrinsic to the DM-VSMC phenotype and must be considered when designing methods to limit atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia in diabetic patients.

In this study, multisegment autogenous arm vein was used successfully in a wide variety of lower extremity revascularization procedures and achieved good long-term patency and limb salvage rates, well in excess of those achieved with composite prosthetic-autogenous grafts. The use of autogenous conduit appears to offer superior results to composite conduit in lower extremity revascularization. The superior durability of arm vein makes it one of the alternative conduits of choice when an adequate greater saphenous vein is not available.

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Editor-Vallecular cysts are a rare cause of difficulty in intubating the trachea. We describe a case of difficult intubation in a patient, after inhalation induction, for examination under anaesthesia of an infected vallecular cyst. A 31-yr-old male presented with a year-long history of dysphagia, anorexia, and 13 kg weight loss. He had a 3 week history of shortness of breath on exertion and associated dysphonia. There was no evidence of stridor or hoarseness. He was apryexial, haemodynamically stable with oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. His medical history was significant for a 6 yr history of i.v. drug usage and heavy smoking. On examination, there were no palpable masses on his neck or visible abnormalities in his oral cavity. He was Mallampati score 1, and had good mouth opening and neck movement. Flexible fibreoptic nasolaryngoscopy revealed a well-circumscribed pedunculated mass arising from the vallecula. He was taken to the theatre for examination under anaesthesia, pharyngoscopy, and oesphagoscopy. Inhalation induction was carried out with upward titration of 1-8% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. Anaesthesia was maintained with bolus doses of propofol, in addition to sevoflurane in oxygen via face mask. Spontaneous respiration was maintained. Three attempts at laryngoscopy using Mackintosh blade 3, McCoy blade 3, and Miller laryngoscope were all unsuccessful. Oxygen saturations throughout remained stable and the patient was easy to bag-mask ventilate. Endotracheal intubation was finally obtained by the ENT surgeon using the ENT rigid laryngoscope. Being longer than anaesthetic laryngoscopes, it was possible to pass distal to the cyst, displacing it to one side allowing visualization of the vocal cords. The remainder of the anaesthetic was uneventful. Definitive treatment included aspiration of thick pus followed by excision. IV dexamethasone was administered to limit airway oedema. At the end of the procedure, the patient was extubated uneventfully. Microbiology culture grew Staphylococcus aureus. Histological examination revealed that of a benign cyst. He was treated with i.v. antibiotics and discharged home on the fifth postoperative day. Most laryngeal cysts are asymptomatic. However, all have the potential to present with airway compromise. Non-infected cysts usually present with mild symptoms related to pressure effect on surrounding tissues. Infection of cysts can cause acute epiglottitis or abscess formation and subsequent acute airway obstruction. A review published in 2008 describes an increased incidence of airway obstruction in infected compared with non-infected cysts. 1 There are case reports of patients with vallecular cysts proving difficult to intubate. 2 3 Several describe complications encountered during intubation attempts: bleeding requiring abandonment of the procedure 4 and laryngospasm. 2