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Based on a long and close association with the land and its resources, Māori have developed a detailed knowledge of local natural hazards. This includes oral histories and traditions that record past catastrophic hazard events, place names that designate areas that are high hazard risk, and environmental indicators that inform about the safety and viability of activities linked to changes in the environment. Māori Environmental Knowledge is a valuable and neglected area of information on natural hazards and provides a unique source of expertise that can contribute to contemporary natural hazards management and mitigation in New Zealand.Keywords Māori Environmental Knowledge; oral histories and traditions; natural hazards; place names; environmental indicators Whakarāpopotonga Mai rā anō e noho pātata ana te iwi Māori ki tōna nei taiao, ā, he maha ngā pūkenga, me ngā mātauranga i akongia e rātou mō ngā wāhi kikino me kī ngā wāhi mōrearea. Nā runga i ngā mate ohorere me ngā parekura o mua i mau nei rātou ēnei hītori me ōna tikanga ki te hinengaro kia kore ai rātou e whara, kia kore ai rātou e hinga anō hoki i te ringa kaha o Aituā. Heoti anō e mōhio nei te whānau, te hapū me te iwi i ngā wāhi kāre i te pai, ngā wāhi whakatūpato. Ko ngā waiata, ngā tohu taiao me ngā wāhi ingoa te waka hei whakamaumahara ā hinengaro i ngā wā parekura i pātua nei i te iwi. Ki ō mātou whakaaro ka āhei tātou ki te whakamahi ēnei mātauranga hei oranga mā ngāi tātou nō Aotearoa, hei tiaki i tō tātou nei taiao anō hoki.Kupununui Mātauranga taiao; ngā kōrero ā-waha me ngā tikanga; ngā mōrearea; ngā wāhi ingoa; ngā tohu taiao

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The stable isotope records of four stalagmites dated by 19 TIMS uranium series ages are combined to produce master chronologies for δ 18O and δ 13C. The δ 18O records display good overall coherence, but considerable variation in detail. Variability in the δ 13C records is greater, but general trends can still be dis cerned. This implies that too fine an interpretation of the structure of individual isotopic records can be unreliable. Speleothem δ 18O values are demonstrated to show a positive relationship with temperature by comparing trends with other proxy records, but also to respond negatively to rainfall amount. Speleothem δ 13C is con sidered to be most influenced by rainfall. The postglacial thermal optimum occurred around 10.8 ka BP, which is similar in timing to Antarctica but up to 2000 years earlier than most Northern Hemisphere sites. Increasingly negative δ 18O values after 7.5 ka BP indicate that temperatures declined to a late mid-Holocene minimum centred around 3 ka BP, but more positive values followed to mark a warm peak about 750 years ago which coincided with the ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’ of Europe. Low δ 18O values at 325 years BP suggest cooling coincident with the ‘Little Ice Age’. A marked feature of the δ13C record is an asymmetric periodicity averaging c. 2250 years and amplitude of c. 1.9‰. It is concluded that this is mainly driven by waterbalance variations with negative swings representing particularly wet intervals. The δ18O record shows a higher-frequency cyclicity with a period of c. 500 years and an amplitude of c. 0.25‰. This is most likely to be temperature-driven, but some swings may have been amplified by precipitation.

Abstract.This paper builds upon earlier work that argued the information and experience contained within the knowledge-practice-belief complex of Mātauranga Māori [Māori knowledge] is a valuable and neglected area of information and understanding about past catastrophic events in Aotearoa/New Zealand (A/NZ). Here we map Māori oral traditions (pūrākau) that relate experience with extreme environmental disturbance (in particular, tsunamis) around the A/NZ coast, compare the findings with geoarchaeological evidence, and discuss the scientific benefits to be gained by considering pūrākau as legitimate perspectives on history. Not surprisingly, there are both differences and complementarities between traditional Māori narratives and the available geo-archaeological evidence on extreme coastal disturbances. The findings presented here raise new and important questions about accepted geographies of tsunami risk, the causes and sources of their generation, as well as reasons for the relative paucity and abundance of information in some regions. Ways in which Mātauranga Taiao [Māori environmental knowledge] and contemporary science can be combined to produce new narratives about extreme environmental disturbance along the A/NZ coastline will require not only acceptance of other ways of knowing but also open engagement with Māori that respects their rights to tell their own histories. These efforts are encouraged to revitalise and ground-truth the interpretation of traditional stories, corroborate and/or question previous scientific deductions, and improve our collective understanding of the recurring impact of tectonic, geologic and meteorological-based events across A/NZ.Correspondence to: D. N. King (d.king@niwa.co.nz) RāpopotongaHe mea hāngai anō tēnei pepa kiētahi o mua, ki taua tohe anō ko ngā wheako mai i te pūnahatanga o ngā tikanga o te Mātauranga Māori he mea whaimana, he aha koa tē arongia ai, he whai mōhiohio hoki i ngā parekura i pā mai ki Aotearoa. Ko tā mātou he whakaatu i ngā pūrākau i reirā etahi whakapuakitanga o ngā pānga mai o ngā ngaringari nuī a-taiao (he oti rā te pāhoro ngaru moana) i pā mai ki te tākutai moana o Aotearoa, he whakarite ki ngā kitenga mai i ngā taunakitangaā-huakanga whenua, me te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro i ngā painga mai i te tirotiro i te pūrākau hei tirohanga tika i te hitori. Waihoki, mō ngā ngaringari whakaharahara ki te tākutai, heōritenga, he rerekētanga anō nō waenga o ngā kōrero tuku iho me ngā taunakitangaā-huakanga whenua. Mai i ngā kitenga, he uiui hōu anō ki ngā mātaiwhenua o te wā ki ngā mōrearea pāhoro ngaru moana, ngā mātāpuna me ngā pūtaketanga tae atu ki te nunui, te korekore rānei o ngā kōrero ki ngā takiwā. Mō te hono i te Mātauranga Māori me te pūtaiao o nāianei me te whakaputa kōrero hōu ki ngā ngaringari whakaharahara o te taiao ki te tākutai moana o Aotearoa, he tautoko rā anō i te pūnaha mātauranga rerekē, he mahitahi hoki me te Māori, mai i te aro tūturu ki tāna whakaatu iāna ake kōrero tuku iho. Me mea whakatūturu te whakamāoritanga o ngā pūrākau, mā te ta...