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For stock market predictions, the essence of the problem is usually predicting the magnitude and direction of the stock price movement as accurately as possible. There are different approaches (e.g., econometrics and machine learning) for predicting stock returns. However, it is non-trivial to find an approach which works the best. In this paper, we make a thorough analysis of the predictive accuracy of different machine learning and econometric approaches for predicting the returns and volatilities on the OMX Baltic Benchmark price index, which is a relatively less researched stock market. Our results show that the machine learning methods, namely the support vector regression and k-nearest neighbours, predict the returns better than autoregressive moving average models for most of the metrics, while for the other approaches, the results were not conclusive. Our analysis also highlighted that training and testing sample size plays an important role on the outcome of machine learning approaches.

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In the modern world, online social and news media significantly impact society, economy, and financial markets. In this chapter, we compared the predictive performance of financial econometrics and machine learning and deep learning methods for the returns of the stocks of the SP100 index. The analysis is enriched by using COVID-19 related news sentiments data collected for a period of 10 months. We analyzed the performance of each model and found the best algorithm for such types of predictions. For the sample we analyzed, our results indicate that the autoregressive moving average model with exogenous variables (ARMAX) has a comparable predictive performance to the machine and deep learning models, only outperformed by the extreme gradient boosted trees (XGBoost) approach. This result holds both in the training and testing datasets.