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Electromagnetic radiation from complex printed circuit boards can occur over a broad frequency bandwidth, ranging from hundreds of MHz to tens of GHz. This is becoming a critical issue for assessment of EMC and interoperability as electronic components become more and more integrated. We use emissions from an enclosure with a single-slot aperture and equipped with operating electronics to exemplify and model such sources. Spatial correlation functions obtained from two-probe measurements are used both to characterise the source and to propagate the emissions. We examine emissions in the sub-microwave frequency range, where evanescent decay dominates the measured correlation function at the distances measured. We find that an approximate, diffusion-like propagator describes the measured emissions well. A phase-space approach based on Wigner functions is exploited to develop this approximation and to provide enhanced understanding of the emissions.

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This paper presents a preliminary study showing the diagnostic potential of electrical impedance to detect basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Electrical impedance was measured in vivo from 1 kHz to 1 MHz on 24 human subjects over BCC (19 lesions), over benign tumors (11 lesions), and over normal skin (all 24 patients). Lesions ranged from 2-15 mm in diameter. Indexes based on the magnitude (MIX), phase (PIX), real-part (RIX) and imaginary-part (IMIX) of impedance were calculated for each measurement. Significant differences were found between measurements over BCC, benign lesions and normal skin for indexes MIX, PIX, and IMIX (P = 0.04 to P = 7 x 10(-7)). Indexes were generally smaller for measurements of BCC than for benign lesions or normal skin. Differences were not a result of differences in the patient's age or the measurement location. The large size of our measurement electrode (10 mm) probably limited our ability to differentiate lesions because significant amounts of normal skin were included in each lesion measurement. A linear regression fit of data with tumor size suggests that a smaller probe or more sophisticated analysis techniques may improve differentiation. Results suggest that electrical impedance could be used to provide rapid and noninvasive differentiation of BCC from similar looking benign lesions.

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