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Abstract-This article briefly discusses several measurement tools for evaluating the upper limb of persons with tetraplegia. Muscle strength testing and electrodiagnostics are discussed as they relate to technique and usefulness for clinical trials. Standardized measures of hand function are reviewed; their limitations for clinical trials during acute spinal cord injury (SCI) care are acknowledged and their strengths for interventional studies and clinical trials during chronic phases of SCI care are defined. Recommendations are set forth for incorporating the International Classification for Surgery of the Hand in Tetraplegia motor and sensory examinations as adjuncts to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI motor and sensory examinations and for further developing electrodiagnostic techniques as measurement tools for acute clinical trials. The Grasp and Release Test is described and recommended for clinical trials involving persons in the chronic stages of SCI. Lastly, we note that much work remains in the development, validation, and clinical deployment of an assessment of upper-limb function in SCI.

This paper describes the achievements of reservoir and well management during the first two years of production from Thunder Horse in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (DW GoM). Thunder Horse is a subsea development of several large and complex reservoirs. It came on production in June 2008 and had ramped up to a field rate in excess of 250,000 boe/day from nine producing wells by December 2009. Successful ramp-up and high first year efficiency were achieved using advanced technology and multidisciplinary interaction. Lessons were learned in sand management and flow induced vibration and well management problems were mitigated.Thunder Horse has a flexible development concept, particularly with regard to water injection. This reflects its high initial subsurface uncertainty, especially regarding compartmentalization and the degree of aquifer support. The value of the flexible approach has been demonstrated. However, it makes strong demands on rapid learning. This paper describes how this learning has been achieved and how it is being used to drive the flexible development.Surveillance data and analysis were the keys to rapid definition of the subsurface risks. Data from permanent pressure gauges were analyzed using advanced techniques. Reservoir simulation models were calibrated to the full set of real time data. Temperature and oil composition data provided additional controls. Results demonstrated that faults in Thunder Horse, though sealing in some places, do not in general cause compartmentalization. They can even provide vertical connectivity to aquifer in deeper sands, allowing a high degree of energy support. At the same time it creates complex paths for water movement. This changes the role of water injection in large areas of Thunder Horse from early pressure support to later optimization of an aquifer-dominated sweep.

This paper describes the achievements of reservoir and well management during the first two years of production from Thunder Horse in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (DW GoM). Thunder Horse is a subsea development of several large and complex reservoirs. It came on production in June 2008 and had ramped up to a field rate in excess of 250,000 boe/day from nine producing wells by December 2009. Successful ramp-up and high first year efficiency were achieved using advanced technology and multidisciplinary interaction. Lessons were learned in sand management and flow induced vibration and well management problems were mitigated.Thunder Horse has a flexible development concept, particularly with regard to water injection. This reflects its high initial subsurface uncertainty, especially regarding compartmentalization and the degree of aquifer support. The value of the flexible approach has been demonstrated. However, it makes strong demands on rapid learning. This paper describes how this learning has been achieved and how it is being used to drive the flexible development.Surveillance data and analysis were the keys to rapid definition of the subsurface risks. Data from permanent pressure gauges were analyzed using advanced techniques. Reservoir simulation models were calibrated to the full set of real time data. Temperature and oil composition data provided additional controls. Results demonstrated that faults in Thunder Horse, though sealing in some places, do not in general cause compartmentalization. They can even provide vertical connectivity to aquifer in deeper sands, allowing a high degree of energy support. At the same time it creates complex paths for water movement. This changes the role of water injection in large areas of Thunder Horse from early pressure support to later optimization of an aquifer-dominated sweep.

No abstract