Road mortality has the potential to alter the structure of turtle populations because turtle populations are highly sensitive to additive sources of adult mortality. To address the issue, we captured painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta; n = 174) and snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina; n = 56) in 18 wetlands surrounded by low road density (≤1.5 km roads/km 2 of landscape) and 17 wetlands surrounded by high road density (>1.5 km/km 2 ) in central New York in 2002. High road density was associated with male-biased sex ratios in painted turtles (74% vs. 54% males; p = 0.01) and snapping turtles (95% vs. 74% males; p = 0.08), whereas turtle morphology and abundance were not associated with road density. Disproportionate road mortality of females on nesting migrations is the most likely cause of skewed sex ratios. Efectos de Caminos sobre la Estructura de Poblaciones de Tortugas DulceaucícolasResumen: La mortalidad en caminos tiene el potencial de alterar a las poblaciones de tortugas porque son relativamente sensibles a causas aditivas de mortalidad de adultos. Para abordar este tema, en 2002 capturamos Chrysemys picta (n = 174) y Chelydra serpentina (n = 56) en 18 humedales con baja densidad de caminos (≤1.5 km caminos/km 2 de paisaje) y en 17 humedales con alta densidad de caminos (>1.5 km caminos/km 2 de paisaje) en New York central. La densidad alta de caminos se asoció con proporciones de sexo sesgadas hacia machos en Chrysemys picta (74% vs. 54% machos; p = 0.01) y en Chelydra serpentina (95% vs. 74% machos; p = 0.08), mientras que la morfología y abundancia de tortugas no estuvieron asociadas con la densidad de caminos. La excesiva mortalidad de hembras en migración reproductiva es la causa más probable del sesgo en las proporciones de sexo.Palabras Clave: Chelydra serpentina, Chrysemys picta, carreteras, mortalidad en caminos, proporción de sexos, tortugas
Road mortality has been implicated as a significant demographic force in turtles, particularly for females, which are killed disproportionately on overland nesting movements. Moreover, the United States' road network has expanded dramatically over the last century. We therefore predicted that historical trends in sex ratios of turtle populations would be male biased. To test this prediction, we synthesized published estimates of population-level sex ratios in freshwater and terrestrial turtles in the United States (165 estimates for 36 species, published 1928-2003). Our analysis suggests that the proportion of males in populations has increased linearly ( p = 0.001); the trend in male bias is synchronized with the expansion of the surfaced portion of the road network since 1930; sex ratios became more male biased in states with higher densities of roads; and populations have become more male biased in aquatic species, in which movement differentials between males and females are greatest, and are least biased in semiaquatic and terrestrial species, in which overland movements are more comparable between sexes. Our results suggest an ongoing depletion of breeding females from wild turtle populations over the last century because of many factors, including, and perhaps chiefly, road mortality.Tendencias en las Proporciones de Sexos de Tortugas en los Estados Unidos: Implicaciones de la Mortalidad en Caminos Resumen: La mortalidad en caminos ha sido considerada como una fuerza demográfica significativa en tortugas, particularmente para hembras, que son matadas desproporcionadamente al hacer movimientos por tierra cuando anidan. Más aun, la red caminera se ha expandido dramáticamente en elúltimo siglo en los Estados Unidos. Por lo tanto predijimos que las tendencias históricas en las proporciones de sexos de poblaciones de tortugas estarían sesgadas hacia machos. Para probar esta predicción, sintetizamos estimaciones publicadas sobre proporciones de sexo a nivel población de tortugas dulceacuícolas y terrestres en los Estados Unidos (165 estimaciones para 36 especies, publicadas entre 1928 y 2003) Nuestro análisis sugiere que la proporción de machos en la poblaciones ha incrementado linealmente (p = 0.001); la tendencia del sesgo hacia machos esta sincronizada con la expansión de la superficie de la red caminera desde 1930, las proporciones se volvieron más segadas hacia machos en estados con mayores densidades de caminos; las poblaciones están más sesgadas hacia machos en especies acuáticas, en las que son mayores los movimientos diferenciales de hembras y machos, y son menos sesgadas en especies semiacuáticas y terrestres, en los que los movimientos por tierra son más comparables entre sexos. Nuestros resultados sugieren una reducción drástica de hembras reproductivas en poblaciones de tortugas silvestres en elúltimo siglo, debido a muchos factores, incluyendo, quizá principalmente, la mortalidad en caminos.
Recent studies suggest that freshwater turtle populations are becoming increasingly male-biased. A hypothesized cause is a greater vulnerability of female turtles to road mortality. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing sex ratios from published and unpublished population surveys of turtles conducted on-versus offroads. Among 38 166 turtles from 157 studies reporting sex ratios, we found a consistently larger female fraction in samples from on-roads (61%) than off-roads (41%). We conclude that female turtles are indeed more likely to cross roadways than are males, which may explain recently reported skewed sex ratios near roadways and signify eventual population declines as females are differentially eliminated.
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