Background: We aimed to assess the association of sleep with metabolic syndrome in the 2013/2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: Sample size included 2737 out of 2013 and 2014 NHANES surveys. Cross-sectional study of metabolic syndrome and sleep duration was conducted. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III) criteria. Metabolic syndrome severity score was calculated based on actual measurement of each component, adjusted for sex and race. The generalized additive model (GAM) was built to assess the smooth relationship between metabolic syndrome/metabolic syndrome severity score and sleep duration. Adjustment of models were done for age, sex, race, and sitting time. The value of effective degree of freedom (EDF) formed by the GAM model shows the degree of curvature of the relationship. A value of 1 for EDF is translated as the linear shape of relationship. Values larger than one denote a more complex relationship between the response variable and the predicting one. Results: There was a U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in univariable GAM (EDF = 2.43, p = 0.06) and multivariable GAM (EDF = 2.03, p = 0.20). The lowest risk of metabolic syndrome was observed in people sleeping 7 hours/night. There was a significant U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome severity score in multivariable GAM (EDF = 2.94, p = 0.0004). Similarly, the lowest mean metabolic syndrome severity score was observed in people sleeping 7 hours/night. There was an effect modification of sex and sleep duration indicating strong U-shaped relationship of metabolic syndrome severity score and sleep duration in women (EDF = 3.43, p = 0.00002) and semi-linear association in men (EDF = 1.76, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Short and long sleep duration was associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome and higher scores of metabolic syndrome severity score in women. Short sleep duration was associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome and higher scores of metabolic syndrome severity score in men.

The application of a human somatomedin-C radioimmunoassay for the determination of somatomedin-C in chicken plasma has been examined. Parallel inhibition of binding of 125I-labelled somatomedin-C to antisera raised against somatomedin-C was observed with acid-treated human and chicken plasma. The concentration of immunoreactive (IR)-somatomedin-C in the plasma of the domestic fowl appears to be GH dependent. Plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C were reduced after hypophysectomy and partially restored by replacement therapy with chicken GH. The age/development pattern of circulating concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C has been determined in normal and dwarf strains of domestic fowl. Increases in the plasma concentration of IR-somatomedin-C were observed between 1 and 6 weeks of age in control male domestic fowl of either heavy (broiler type) or light (White Leghorn) strains. Thereafter, the plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C remained constant in the heavy strain birds but declined in White Leghorn chicks. Plasma concentrations of IR-somatomedin-C were reduced in sex-linked dwarf chickens, in both light and heavy strains of fowl, but were unaffected in autosomal dwarf chickens.

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The hormonal control of growth in poultry and other species is complex. The available evidence supports the concept that growth hormone and the thyroid hormones are the principal hormones responsible for the attainment of normal growth in the domestic fowl. Other hormones, including somatomedins, epidermal growth hormone, sex steroids, and vitamin D metabolites, are also involved in the control of growth. Considerable study will be required for the elucidation of the exact roles of the various hormones in avian growth.