With increased migration, female genital mutilation (FGM) also referred to as female circumcision or female genital cutting is no longer restricted to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The European Parliament estimates that up to half a million women living in the EU have been subjected to FGM, with a further 180,000 at risk. Aware of the limited success of campaigns addressing FGM, the World Health Organization recommended a behavioural change approach be implemented in order to end FGM. To date, however, little progress has been made in adopting a behaviour change approach in strategies aimed at ending FGM. Based on research undertaken as part of the EU's Daphne III programme, which researched FGM intervention programmes linked to African communities in the EU (REPLACE), this paper argues that behaviour change has not been implemented due to a lack of understanding relating to the application of the two broad categories of behaviour change approach: individualistic decision-theoretic and community-change game-theoretic approaches, and how they may be integrated to aid our understanding and the development of future intervention strategies. We therefore discuss how these can be integrated and implemented using community-based participatory action research methods with affected communities.

Printed in the United Kingdom. To access this publication online visit www.replacefgm2.eu Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Grant (2013-15). Consequently, the REPLACE Approach has been tried and tested across five different EU member states, and five different migrant populations. It is flexible and tailored, and importantly, makes use of the assets and skills that lie within communities to help them bring about change for themselves. ISBN: 978184600062The REPLACE Toolkit and the accompanying REPLACE Community Handbook provide a 'how to' guide for community members affected by FGM, and community leaders and organisations working with them to bring about an end to FGM in the EU. The Toolkit provides detailed yet easily digestible 'tools', set around a simple five-point 'cyclic framework for social norm transformation' for supporting and empowering communities to bring about change from within. The Community Handbook presents this information in a brief and functional form, to help community members 'pick up and run' with the REPLACE Approach. 4The REPLACE Approach addresses many of the criticisms levied at current efforts to bring about an end to FGM in the EU. It does this in an accessible way, by incorporating interdisciplinary strategies and drawing on the strengths of all the partners and communities involved in its development. The team are to be commended on this bold step forward in working together to end FGM in the EU. This Toolkit presents the REPLACE Approach which has been developed with the goal of ending FGM in the EU. It is a bottom-up approach that empowers communities and puts them at the centre of social norm transformation using behavioural change theory. It is thus aimed at those within FGM affected communities or those working with these communities, whose goal is to end FGM in the EU. It is also relevant to policy makers who aim to end FGM; since the success of the REPLACE Approach is enhanced by political support. Neena Gill, West Midlands MEP 5 Table of ContentsEXECUTIVE List of Tables ContextThe exact number of women and girls living with FGM in Europe is not known (EIGE, 2013;Leye, et al, 2014). However, in 2009 the European Parliament (EP) estimated that up to half a million women living in Europe had been subjected to FGM with a further 180,000 women and girls at risk of being subjected to the practice every year (EP, 2009). This data has been extrapolated from the prevalence data in countries of origin and the number of women from those countries living in the EU. The UNHCR (2013) suggests that those EU countries with the highest numbers of girls and women who have survived or are at risk of FGM are:France, Italy, Sweden, the UK, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.The very limited data available on FGM in the EU does not differentiate the type of FGM being experienced. It is assumed that the type of FGM performed in home countries will be performed by migrants from that country when they relocate to a host country in the EU. This 10 assumption may no...

There has been a growing interest amongst researchers and practitioners regarding the various coping strategies adopted by women experiencing intimate partner abuse (IPA). These studies have tended to adopt and adapt the stress-coping model developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and thus make the distinction between emotion and problem-solving coping strategies and the resources available for women to cope. Even though, contemporary coping scholars acknowledge the role of employment and coping, it is still unclear as to how employment facilitates women's coping strategies. Drawing on findings from a qualitative study, this article explores how employment and workplace environments provide survivors of IPA with resources that allow them to cope with the abuse. By incorporating theoretical insights developed in the field of organizational studies, namely boundary work and organizational identities, these findings develop our understanding of the role of employment in survivors' coping strategies. Finally, the findings demonstrate the valuable contribution of interdisciplinarity in furthering our knowledge of coping strategies and the positive aspects of employment for survivors of IPA.

Printed in the United Kingdom. To access this publication online visit www.replacefgm2.eu Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Grant (2013-15). Consequently, the REPLACE Approach has been tried and tested across five different EU member states, and five different migrant populations. It is flexible and tailored, and importantly, makes use of the assets and skills that lie within communities to help them bring about change for themselves.The REPLACE Toolkit and the accompanying REPLACE Community Handbook provide a 'how to' guide for community members affected by FGM, and community leaders and organisations working with them to bring about an end to FGM in the EU. The Toolkit provides detailed yet easily digestible 'tools', set around a simple five-point 'cyclic framework for social norm transformation' for supporting and empowering communities to bring about change from within. The Community Handbook presents this information in a brief and functional form, to help community members 'pick up and run' with the REPLACE Approach. 4The REPLACE Approach addresses many of the criticisms levied at current efforts to bring about an end to FGM in the EU. It does this in an accessible way, by incorporating interdisciplinary strategies and drawing on the strengths of all the partners and communities involved in its development. The team are to be commended on this bold step forward in working together to end FGM in the EU. Neena Gill, West Midlands MEP 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables GLOSSARYCommunity engagement: This term is used to refer to the process and practice of involving members of FGM affected communities in some form in a programme to end FGM in their community. This includes the process through which community members are informed, consulted, and participate in designing and implementing an intervention to end FGM.Community leaders: This is used to refer to religious leaders, political leaders, cultural leaders and opinion leaders in an FGM affected community.Community profiling: This is an exercise used by REPLACE to try and understand an affected community (target intervention community) better, including the community's history, politics, livelihoods, interest groups, demography, resources and services.Community readiness to end FGM: This is a methodology used by REPLACE to understand the extent to which an affected community is ready to abandon FGM and also determine the specific interventions that are most appropriate for the community.Community: This term is used to refer to a group of people who live in a particular geographical area such as neighbourhood, city or town. It is also used to refer to a group of people who share common interests or characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, or language. Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR):This is the approach that REPLACE used to engage members of FGM affected communities to understand the social norm supporting FGM. It is an approach to collecting information that puts communities at th...

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