Resource managers often need scientific information to match their decisions (typically short‐term and local) to complex, long‐term, large‐scale challenges such as adaptation to climate change. In such situations, the most reliable route to actionable science is coproduction, whereby managers, policy makers, scientists, and other stakeholders first identify specific decisions to be informed by science, and then jointly define the scope and context of the problem, research questions, methods, and outputs, make scientific inferences, and develop strategies for the appropriate use of science. Here, we present seven recommended practices intended to help scientists, managers, funders and other stakeholders carry out a coproduction project, one recommended practice to ensure that partners learn from attempts at coproduction, and two practices to promote coproduction at a programmatic level. The recommended practices focus research on decisions that need to be made, give priority to processes and outcomes over stand‐alone products, and allocate resources to organizations and individuals that engage in coproduction. Although this article focuses on the coproduction of actionable science for climate change adaptation and natural resource management, the approach is relevant to other complex natural‐human systems.
Several cobalt porphyrins (CoP) have been reduced by radiation
chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical
methods, in aqueous and organic solvents. In aqueous solutions,
the CoIP state is stable at high pH but is
shorter lived in neutral and acidic solutions. Stable
CoIP is also observed in organic solvents and is
unreactive
toward CO2. One-electron reduction of CoIP
leads to formation of a species that is observed as a
transient
intermediate by pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions and as a stable
product following reduction by Na in
tetrahydrofuran solutions. The spectrum of this species is not the
characteristic spectrum of a metalloporphyrin
π-radical anion and is ascribed to Co0P. This
species binds and reduces CO2. Catalytic formation of
CO
and HCO2
- is confirmed by photochemical
experiments in acetonitrile solutions containing triethylamine
as
a reductive quencher. Catalytic reduction of CO2 is
also confirmed by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile and
butyronitrile solutions and is shown to occur at the potential at which
CoIP is reduced to Co0P. As
compared
with CoTPP, fluorinated derivatives are reduced, and catalyze
CO2 reduction, at less negative potentials.
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