The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Biodex (Biodex, Corp., Shirley, NY) isokinetic concentric mode for a healthy active population for knee extension/flexion utilizing the parameters peak torque and work. Nineteen healthy active male and female subjects ages 20-35 with no history of knee injury were tested bilaterally for concentric knee extension and flexion at 60, 180, 240, and 300 degrees /sec., utilizing standard Biodex protocol. Seven days following the pre-test, a post-test was administered using identical protocol. Data collection of pre- and posttesting was done via a Compaq Desk Pro personal computer and Biodex software programming. The parameters of peak torque and single repetition work were analyzed for knee extension/flexion. Statistical analysis of data showed the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of knee extension peak torque at 60 degrees /sec to be r = 0.95; at 180 degrees /sec, r = 0.96; at 240 degrees /sec, r = 0.95; and at 300 degrees /sec, r = 0.97. Knee extension work ICC values were at 60 degrees /sec, r = 0.96; at 180 degrees /sec, r = 0.97; at 240 degrees /sec, r = 0.96 and r = 0.95 at 300 degrees /sec. All ICCs are significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the isokinetic concentric mode of the Biodex dynamometer was reliable for test-retest measures of peak torque, and single repetition work. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1990;11(7):298-300.

College age males performed maximal two-legged isokinetic knee extensions three times per week for 6 wk at either 60 degrees/s (slow) or 300 degrees/s (fast) or both 60 and 300 degrees/s (mixed). The velocity specific and action specific (two-leg vs. one leg) improvements in peak torque (PT) were compared to a placebo group receiving low-level muscle stimulation. The slow group improved PT significantly (P less than 0.05) more than the placebo group only at its training velocity (60 degrees/s) and more so when the specific two-legged training action was mimicked (+32% with two legs vs. +19% with one leg). The mixed group enhanced PT by 24 and 16% at their respective training velocities of 60 and 300 degrees/s. These improvements were significantly larger than placebo and also significantly larger than the 9% improvement observed at the midvelocity of 180 degrees/s. The training specificity demonstrated by the slow and mixed groups suggest that neural mechanisms contributed to their improvements in power. This is supported by their unchanging muscle morphology. Training solely at 300 degrees/s (fast) however improved PT significantly more than placebo not only at the training velocity (+18%), but also at a slower velocity of 180 degrees/s (+17%). The fast group demonstrated a significant enlargement (+11%) of type II muscle fibers. These data suggest type II fiber hypertrophy to be a plausible mechanism for the nonspecific improvement of the fast group; however, a neurological adaptation that enhances power at and below the training velocity cannot be excluded.

In the last 10 years there has been an emergence of sports medicine clinics which specialize in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries. Research has been produced by clinics which have focused on the nature and staffing of these clinic^.^^^ This paper attempts to describe a sports medicine clinic by characterizing the type of injuries most often seen. At what frequency and how long are these injuries normally treated? What is the likelihood the patient will regain full activity again, or that the injury will improve or even regress? To what extent is secondary injury involvement a complication?Most studies that attempt to characterize injuries are concerned with the type and frequency of these injuries which occur within a particular sport. Stricevic et al.' provide an example of this with an in-depth analysis of karate injuries in a study generated by several sports medicine clinics. A football survey provided by Alles et al.'

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