Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. This study theoretically and empirically examines altruistic and joyof-giving motivations underlying contributions to charitable activities. The theoretical analysis shows that in an economy with an infinitely large number of donors, impurely altruistic preferences lead to either asymptotically zero or complete crowd-out. The paper then establishes conditions on preferences that are sufficient to yield zero crowd-out in the limit. These conditions are fairly weak and quite plausible. An empirical representation of the model is estimated using a new 1986-92 panel of donations and government funding from the United States to 125 international relief and development organizations. Besides directly linking sources of public and private support, the econometric analysis controls for unobserved institution-specific factors, institution-specific changes in leadership, year-to-year changes in need, and expenditures by related organizations. The estimates show little evidence of crowd-out from either direct public or related private Earlier versions of this paper titled "An Empirical Test of Altruistic and Joy-of-Giving Motivations in Charitable Behavior" were presented at the 1995 American Economic Association meetings in Washington, D.C., and the 1995 meetings of the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action in Cleveland. We thank Jennjou Chen, Hongshu Han, Dan Henry, Tammy Kolbe, Rob Poulton, Randy Sherrod, and Yinghui Zhu for excellent research assistance and Rick Bond, Tom Gresik, Norm Swanson, Al Slivinski, Rich Steinberg, the editor, and an anonymous referee as well as seminar participants at George Washington, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana, and Penn State for helpful comments and discussions. We also wish to thank staff at the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (University College London-Brussels) and the U.S. Agency for International Development for providing various data and answering questions. sources. Thus, at the margin, donations to these organizations appear to be motivated solely by joy-of-giving preferences. In addition to addressing the basic question of motives behind charitable giving, the results help explain the existing disparity between econometric and experimental crowd-out estimates. The University of Chicago Press

This article empirically examines married women's labor supply and child care expenditures. The article uses winter 1984-85 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate a fully structural econometric model of labor supply and paid care utilization. Estimation results indicate that the cost of paid care has small negative effects on labor supply but stronger negative effects on paid care utilization. Consequently, subsidy programs such as the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit appear to have few effects on married mothers' employment. I. Introduction Issues related to child care have received extensive public discussion and political debate. Child care has also been the focus of numerous psychological, sociological, and child development investigations. Economists, too, have recently begun to study child care. Clearly, there are many potential areas of inquiry. Several studies have examined the determinants of the family's choice of child care arrangement (Robins and Spiegelman 1978; Leibowitz, Waite, and Witsberger 1988; Lehrer 1989; Hofferth and Wissoker 1992). Economic studies have also examined the relationship between child care and other economic and demographic decisions such An earlier version of this article was titled "Child Care and the Labor Supply of Married Women: Structural Evidence." I wish to thank Robert Moffitt for useful discussions. I also received helpful comments from Dan Black,

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. University of Wisconsin Press and The Board of Regents of the University of WisconsinSystem are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Human Resources. ABSTRACT This paper empirically analyzes family demands for market and nonmarket child care services and the impact of these demands on the work effort of married women. The paperfirst develops a general model of child care and labor force participation. The model predicts that higher wages increase the likelihood of labor force participation and that higher costs decrease the likelihood of child care utilization. The paper then develops a threeequation, reduced-form econometric specification of the general model. The equations in the specification are estimated simultaneously using 1985 data from the Survey of Income Program Participation. The estimates reveal that the cost of market child care has a strong negative effect on the labor supply of married women.

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This paper uses 1979-85 data on women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the economic, sociological, and institutional antecedents of adolescent childbearing and high school completion and to analyze the effect of early childbearing on school completion. Fertility and school completion are modeled as dichotomous outcomes, and their determinants are estimated using a bivariate probit specification. The paper finds evidence that adolescent childbearing is an endogenous determinant of high school completion and that failing to account for this endogeneity leads to an overestimate of the schooling consequences of early childbearing. Article: I. Introduction Research on poverty has devoted considerable attention to issues related to teenage childbearing. Early fertility appears to be associated with a number of adverse economic outcomes such as lower earnings and family incomes, higher rates of poverty, and greater risk of welfare dependence (Hofferth, 1987). While analysts and policy-makers commonly list these outcomes as consequences of adolescent childbearing, such an identification rests on surprisingly thin evidence. Empirical research has not, in fact, established whether the outcomes associated with teen fertility are consequences or whether they, along with fertility, are co-determined by other underlying factors. If early parenthood does affect subsequent economic status, educational attainment is thought to be an important transmission mechanism. An opportunity cost analysis suggests that a causal relationship may exist between teenage fertility and schooling. Parenthood demands substantial inputs of time and energy. For an adolescent mother, these demands may come at the expense of time required for schooling. A reduction in schooling, in turn, is likely to decrease adult earnings. This paper uses 1979-85 data on women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the economic, demographic, and institutional antecedents of adolescent childbearing and high school completion. Teen fertility and high school completion are modeled as jointly-determined dichotomous variables, and their determinants are estimated using a bivariate probit specification. Importantly, childbearing is modeled as an endogenous determinant of schooling. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between fertility timing and educational attainment. These studies may be classified into three broad groups. Early multivariate analyses modeled fertility as an exogenous determinant of educational attainment. These first generation studies (e.g., Moore and Waite, 1977; Mott and Marsiglio, 1985) suggested that age at first birth had a strong positive effect on schooling. The next generation of studies used instrumental variables methods to account for the possible endogeneity of fertility timing. These studies (Rindfuss et al., 1980, and Marini, 1984) reported mixed evidence of the effect of childbearing on