The literature was searched for experiments and theories related to low‐Reynolds‐number flow through fibrous porous media, particularly highly porous structures. Experimental data were found for a wide range of materials, from polymer chains to fiberglass, and the results collapse reasonably well when the appropriate dimensionless co‐ordinates are employed. Of the theories, accurate solutions of Stokes equation are available for regular arrays of parallel rods, either aligned with or normal to the flow. For irregular arrays and three‐dimensional media, approximate permeabilities can be calculated from several flow models.

Thermo-mechanical equations were developed from machining theory to predict heat generation due to drilling and were coupled with a heat transfer FEM simulation to predict the temperature rise and thermal injury in bone during a drilling operation. The rotational speed, feed rate, drill geometry and bone material properties were varied in a parametric analysis to determine the importance of each on temperature rise and therefore on thermal damage. It was found that drill speed, feed rate and drill diameter had the most significant thermal impact while changes in drill helix angle, point angle and bone thermal properties had relatively little effect.

A Boger fluid is an elastic liquid with a constant viscosity. Because the viscosity is independent of shear rate or nearly so,

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to solve the differential equation describing the shape of a meniscus on the outside of a circular cylinder. Since the perturbation quantity is proportional to the cylinder radius, the solution is valid basically for small oylinders. The predicted meniscus height is compared with numerical data to determine the accuracy of the two-term result; the third term is found but does not improve the estimate.