1Objective: Although it is well-established that the ability to manage stress is a prerequisite of 2 sporting excellence, the construct of psychological resilience has yet to be systematically 3 examined in athletic performers. The study reported here sought to explore and explain the 4 relationship between psychological resilience and optimal sport performance. Methodological rigor was established by incorporating various verification strategies into the 10 research process, and the resultant grounded theory was also judged using the quality criteria of 11 fit, work, relevance, and modifiability.
Psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilize and optimize a range 2 of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. In this paper, we discuss 3 psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and 4 the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. It is hoped that synthesizing what 5 is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and 6 also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of 7 resilience. With these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. In the first 8 section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three 9 main categories: competitive, organizational, and personal. Based on our recent research 10 examining psychological resilience in Olympics champions (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012), in the 11 second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive 12 personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes 13 from the potential negative effect of stressors. It is anticipated that this review will help sport 14 psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors which will, 15 in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes. The sporting arena represents a 'natural laboratory' to study how individuals operate and 3 perform in highly demanding circumstances. Top-level sport is characterized by the ability of 4 athletes to utilize and optimize a range of psychological qualities to withstand the pressures that 5 they experience (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012;Gould, Dieffenbach, & Moffett, 2002). Over the past 6 few decades, researchers have identified numerous stressors that sport performers encounter (see , 7 e.g., McKay, Niven, Lavallee, & White, 2008;Scanlan, Stein, & Ravizza, 1991) and explored the 8 role of psychological characteristics in helping elite performers adapt to setbacks and transitions 9 encountered along the pathway to excellence (MacNamara, Button, & Collins, 2010a;2010b). 10The influence of psychological factors within the context of the stress process is typically 11 conceptualized as psychological resilience (cf. Fletcher & Sarkar, 2013). 12The study of psychological resilience seeks to understand why some individuals are able 13 to withstand -or even thrive on -the pressure they experience in their lives. We recently defined 14 psychological resilience as "the role of mental processes and behavior in promoting personal 15 assets and protecting an individual from the potential negative effect of stressors" (Fletcher & 16 Sarkar, 2012, p. 675; 2013, p. 16). This definition extends previous conceptual work in this area 17 in a number of ways. First, the focus on psychological resilience delimits the scope of the 18 description, by definition, to "mental pro...
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to develop a definition of team resilience and to 2 identify the resilient characteristics of elite sport teams.
Sports coaches operate within a complex, ever-changing environment that imposes many pressures on them. Here, we address the psychological impact of these demands via a critical review of the literature pertaining to stress in sport coaches. The narrative is divided into three main sections: (1) conceptual and definitional issues, (2) theoretical and empirical issues, and (3) implications for applied practice. The review focuses on the environmental stressors that coaches encounter, their appraisals of and responses to these demands, and the impact this has on their personal well-being and job performance. The influence of various personal and situational characteristics is also discussed. A key message to emerge from this review is that the potential health and performance costs of psychological stress to sports coaches are significant. The rapid rate of change in contemporary sport and the dynamic nature of stress mean that stress in coaches is an ongoing problem that needs to be monitored and addressed.
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