A field experiment was carried out to calibrate and evaluate the METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution Internalized with Calibration) model for estimating the spatial and temporal variability of instantaneous net radiation (Rn i), soil heat flux (G i), sensible heat flux (H i), and latent heat flux (LE i) over a drip-irrigated apple (Malus domestica cv. Pink Lady) orchard located in the Pelarco valley, Maule Region, Chile (35 • 25 20 LS; 71 • 23 57 LW; 189 m.a.s.l.). The study was conducted in a plot of 5.5 hectares using 20 satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+) acquired on clear sky days during three growing seasons (2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015). Specific sub-models to estimate G i , leaf area index (LAI) and aerodynamic roughness length for momentum transfer (Z om) were calibrated for the apple orchard as an improvement to the standard METRIC model. The performance of the METRIC model was evaluated at the time of satellite overpass using measurements of H i and LE i obtained from an eddy correlation system. In addition, estimated values of Rn i , G i and LAI were compared with ground-truth measurements from a four-way net radiometer, soil heat flux plates and plant canopy analyzer, respectively. Validation indicated that LAI, Z om and G i were estimated using the calibrated functions with errors of +2%, +6% and +3% while those were computed using the standard functions with error of +59%, +83%, and +12%, respectively. In addition, METRIC using the calibrated functions estimated H i and LE i with error of +5% and +16%, while using the original functions estimated H i and LE i with error of +29% and +26%, respectively.

Background: The flow of goods and services occurring in catchment areas allows the production of a series of ecosystem services. These have a direct impact on the inhabitants of the territory, who in turn recognise and value ecosystems (social value) as a function of the benefits which they generate. This has a direct impact on public policies that contribute to the development of local economies. The present study therefore sought to identify and recognize the social value of the various ecosystem services provided by a mixed-use catchment area in which different productive activities are concentrated. This study examined the social value of ecosystem services and offers qualitative or quantitative, non-monetary estimates of the relative importance of different benefits for human society derived from the functioning of ecosystems (Laterra et al, Valoración de Servicios Ecosistémicos, Conceptos, herramientas y aplicaciones para el ordenamiento territorial, 2011). The methodology involved the participation of leading actors in the territory, and a panel of experts who defined criteria and weighting which were applied to a multicriteria spatial model. They assigned ordinal scale to the territory representing levels of appreciation based on the various ecosystem services in the ecological, productive, landscape and cultural dimensions. The results showed that the inhabitants of the territory recognise the ecosystem benefit of areas covered by native forest, in particular the species Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., in contrast to areas used for farm production. The functioning of the ecosystem is recognised, and particularly its contribution to regulating water flows and to water production and quality. Results: The study results showed that areas covered with secondary forest of N. dombeyi provide a variety of ecosystem functions which support the creation of ecosystem services to the population, especially in riparian areas throughout the basin where they are important for water production and quality. ES ponderations for provision, regulation and cultural showed that the native forest and riparian units (HEU 1 and HEU 6) as a very important group in relation to the ES because there are recognized by the local society (P < 0.05). The leading actors assigned a low social value to other landuses, like mixed use and farmland, because of the high degree of anthropisation of these ecosystems; this viewpoint has generated conflicts in the territory. Neither foresters nor farmers recognise or accept the impacts of their activities on the various ecosystem services provided by the territories where they operate, even though they are leading actors for the development of local economies.

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Several actions have been implemented to strengthen process safety and improve safety culture involving Petrobras’ E&P activities in the Campos Basin - Brazil, such as Process Safety Program, Strategic Project Excellence in HSE, Evaluation of HSE Management, improvement of standards and procedures, creation of HSE Management Manual and E&P Safety Manual, among others. Additionally, at regulatory sphere, new operational safety regulations were established by the Brazilian National Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP; most acronyms derived from respective Portuguese expressions, throughout this paper), such as the Operational Safety Management System, Technical Regulation of the Subsea Systems Operational Safety Management System and Well Integrity Management System. More than 400 million men-hour exposed to risk were employed on Petrobras offshore production facilities operations (owned and contractors, except drilling and logistics) in Campos Basin between 2010 and 2017. This number represents an increase of 43% when compared to previous decade, but the rate of time-lost injuries and recordable incidents decreased about 20% in the same period. All actions allowed a significant reduction in number of casualties in Petrobras offshore facilities operations – 01 casualty in the period. Many other actions were deployed at drilling and logistics operations, also helping to achieve the reduction of accidents goals. Aviation's Safety Case, for instance, involves several actions, from helicopters’ companies, passing by airports, up to helidecks and offshore crew. This work presents the main implemented programs and actions, as well as the challenges to comply with the various applicable laws, and the search for the zero accident objective in oil and gas production activities in the Campos Basin.