Planting trees is widely regarded as an important part of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. As a result, large-scale tree planting projects have been initiated around the world. However, a number of these initiatives have unintentionally opened up risks to native forests and biodiversity while increasing exotic tree cover. Using the Aotearoa New Zealand One Billion Trees programme as a case study we reflect on what trees are being incentivised by these projects and the downstream impacts of how these projects are realised. We suggest ten recommendations for how these initiatives could be adapted to avoid perverse outcomes for native species while jointly achieving our carbon and biodiversity goals: (1) Diversify strategies-protect first, restore second, plant third; (2) Consider net change in trees-do not just count trees planted; (3) Consider the co-benefits of carbon and biodiversity from the outset; (4) Consider the broader landscape; (5) Consider the carbon and biodiversity benefits of soil; (6) Consider the importance of existing carbon stocks; (7) Consider potential impacts to non-tree ecosystems; (8) Consider the longevity of the future forest; (9) Support landowners in planting and maintaining native trees; (10) Remember that climate goals cannot be achieved by planting trees alone. We believe these recommendations are critical for improving the outcomes of the One Billion Trees programme in Aotearoa New Zealand, while providing important insights relevant to other tree planting initiatives around the world. KeywordsTree-planting initiatives • One billion trees • Carbon sequestration • Biodiversity co-benefits • Climate change

Sarcoidosis is a rare multisystem disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by non-caseating granulomas in involved organs; it is a diagnosis of exclusion. Laryngeal involvement affects only 0.5%–5% of those with sarcoidosis. It is an uncommon but important cause of supraglottic inflammation and oedema and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with supraglottitis. This case describes a 30-year-old man who presented with stridor and shortness of breath. Flexible nasendoscopic examination revealed a grossly oedematous, pale pink, diffusely hypertrophied epiglottis. Surgical biopsy revealed non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. In the context of exclusion of hepatitis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity, malignancy and mycobacterial infection, the diagnosis of supraglottic laryngeal sarcoid was made. He is being treated with azathioprine immunosuppression with symptomatic improvement.

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Extensive research suggests that the collective behavior of humanity is on an unsustainable path. As the evidence mounts and more people awaken to this reality, increased attention is being dedicated to the pursuit of answers for a just and sustainable future. This dissertation grew from the premise that effectively moving towards sustainability requires change at all levels of the dominant Western culture, including deeply held worldviews. The worldviews of many indigenous cultures offer alternative values and beliefs that can contribute to addressing the root causes of problems related to sustainability. In the bioregion defined by the Pacific Salmon runs of North America there is a rich heritage and modern day presence of diverse indigenous cultures. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 indigenous leaders from within this bioregion to explore their mental models of sustainability. These interviews followed a general structure that covered: (a) the personal background and community affiliation of each interviewee; (b) the meaning of the concept of sustainability from their perspective; (c) visions of a sustainable future for their communities; and, (d) how to achieve such a future.A content analysis of the interviews was conducted and summarized into a narrative organized to correspond with the general interview structure. A process of testimonial validity established that most participants found the narrative to be an accurate representation of their perspectives. Participant feedback led to several phrasing changes and other identified issues are discussed, including one participant's critique of the narrative's use of a first-person plural voice. Major themes from the interviews include the role of the human being as caretaker actively participating in the web of life, the importance of simultaneously restoring culture and ecology due to their interdependence, the need to educate and build awareness, and the importance of cooperation. Understanding who we are as a living species, including our profound connection with nature, along with a holistic and intergenerational perspective are suggested as prerequisite for balancing and aligning human modes of being with the larger patterns of life. The closing discussion addresses the importance of social action and going beyond a conceptual understanding to an embodiment of sustainability.Dedicated to past, present, and future citizens of Salmon Nation ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS