This work tested the hypotheses that splanchnic oxidant generation is important in determining heat tolerance and that inappropriate.NO production may be involved in circulatory dysfunction with heat stroke. We monitored colonic temperature (T(c)), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and splanchnic blood flow (SBF) in anesthetized rats exposed to 40 degrees C ambient temperature. Heating rate, heating time, and thermal load determined heat tolerance. Portal blood was regularly collected for determination of radical and endotoxin content. Elevating T(c) from 37 to 41.5 degrees C reduced SBF by 40% and stimulated production of the radicals ceruloplasmin, semiquinone, and penta-coordinate iron(II) nitrosyl-heme (heme-.NO). Portal endotoxin concentration rose from 28 to 59 pg/ml (P < 0.05). Compared with heat stress alone, heat plus treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonist N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) dose dependently depressed heme-.NO production and increased ceruloplasmin and semiquinone levels. L-NAME also significantly reduced lowered SBF, increased portal endotoxin concentration, and reduced heat tolerance (P < 0.05). The NOS II and diamine oxidase antagonist aminoguanidine, the superoxide anion scavenger superoxide dismutase, and the xanthine oxidase antagonist allopurinol slowed the rates of heme-.NO production, decreased ceruloplasmin and semiquinone levels, and preserved SBF. However, only aminoguanidine and allopurinol improved heat tolerance, and only allpourinol eliminated the rise in portal endotoxin content. We conclude that hyperthermia stimulates xanthine oxidase production of reactive oxygen species that activate metals and limit heat tolerance by promoting circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction. In addition, intact NOS activity is required for normal stress tolerance, whereas overproduction of.NO may contribute to the nonprogrammed splanchnic dilation that precedes vascular collapse with heat stroke.
SUMMARY The question of whether problems of motor co‐ordination in early childhood recede with age has rarely been addressed. This paper reports the findings from a follow‐up study of 17 children, identified by their teachers as having poor motor co‐ordination at age six. Now age 16, these children and their matched controls completed a battery of assessments. The results suggest that the majority of children still have difficulties with motor co‐ordination, have poor self‐concept and are experiencing problems of various kinds in school. However, there are individual differences in the extent to which the children have learned to cope with their continuing difficulties over the years. RÉSUMÉ Maladresse chez l'enfant: disparait‐elle? Etude de suivi durant dix ans La question de savoir si les problèmes de coordination de l'enfance régressent avec l'ǎge a été rarement posée. L'article rapporte les données d'une étude longitudinale de 17 enfants, chez qui les enseignants avaient détecté une coordination motrice médiocre à l'ǎge de six ans. Ces sujets ont étéévalués par une batterie, avec des contrǒles appariés, a l'ǎge de 16 ans. Les résultats suggèrent que la majorité des sujets présentaient encore des difficultés en rapport avec une mauvaise coordination motrice, avaient une mauvaise image de leurs capacités et avaient eu des problèmes variés à l'école. Il y avait cependant des différences individuelles dans I'aptitude à intégrer les difficultés au cours des annees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ungeschicklichkeit bei Kindern: wie stehen die Chancen für eine Normalisierung? Eine Verlaufstudie über 10 Jahre Es ist selten die Frage gestellt worden, ob Probleme der motorischen Koordination im frühen Kindesalter im Laufe der Jahre verschwinden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse einer Verlaufsstudie bei 17 Kindern dargestellt, die im Alter von sechs Jahren von ihren Lehrern eine schlechte Beurteilung ihrer motorischen Koordination bekommen hatten. Jetzt, im Alter von 16 Jahren, wurden diese Kinder, sowie ihre Kontrollen, einer Reihe von Untersuchungen unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da8 die Mehrzahl der Kinder noch immer Schwierigkeiten bei der motorischen Koordination, sowie ein mangelhaftes Selbstwertgefühl und verschiedene Probleme in der Schule hat. Es gibt jeoch individuelle Unterschiede, wie die Kinder gelernt haben, ihre fortbestehenden Schwierigkeiten im Verlaufe der Jahre zu meistern. RESUMEN Torpeza en niños:? Ilegan con la edad a libererse de ella? Estudio a lo largo de diez años Sólo muy raramente se ha planteado la pregunta de si los problemas de coordinación Ilegan a desaparecer con la edad. Este trabajo expone los hallazgos obtenidos en un estudio continuado de 17 niños, identificados por sus maestros como teniendo una coordinacion pobre a la edad de seis años. Ahora, con 16 años estos niños y un grupo control sa ha completado una bateria de exámenes. Los resultados sugieren que la mayoria de niños tienen todavia dificultades en la coordinacion motora. Tienen un autoconcep...
Chapter 1 summarizes the evolution of the concepts underpinning preventive child health programmes, describes the origins and definitions of the terms ‘child health surveillance’ and ‘child health promotion’ and related definitions, comments on the importance of children’s health in the context of the family and the benefits of family-centred health care, and examines the issues of inequalities, poverty, deprivation, and social exclusion, as well as the concepts of social capital, needs assessment, statutory duties in respect of child health and care, user and carer involvement, and explains the Framework for Assessment of Children in Need.
Exposure of conscious animals to environmental heat stress increases portal venous radical content. The nature of the observed heat stress-inducible radical molecules suggests that hyperthermia produces cellular hypoxic stress in liver and intestine. To investigate this hypothesis, conscious rats bearing in-dwelling portal venous and femoral artery catheters were exposed to normothermic or hyperthermic conditions. Blood gas levels were monitored during heat stress and for 24 h following heat exposure. Hyperthermia significantly increased arterial O2 saturation, splanchnic arterial-venous O2 difference, and venous[Formula: see text], while decreasing venous O2 saturation and venous pH. One hour after heat exposure, liver glycogen levels were decreased ∼20%. Two hours after heat exposure, the splanchnic arterial-venous O2 difference remained elevated in heat-stressed animals despite normal Tc. A second group of rats was exposed to similar conditions while receiving intra-arterial injections of the hypoxic cell marker [3H]misonidazole. Liver and intestine were biopsied, and [3H]misonidazole content was quantified. Heat stress increased tissue [3H]misonidazole retention 80% in the liver and 29% in the small intestine. Cellular [3H]misonidazole levels were significantly elevated in intestinal epithelial cells and liver zone 2 and 3 hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. This effect was most prominent in the proximal small intestine and small liver lobi. These data provide evidence that hyperthermia produces cellular hypoxia and metabolic stress in splanchnic tissues and suggest that cellular metabolic stress may contribute to radical generation during heat stress.
SUMMARY Teachers in four schools for normal children aged between five and eight years took part in a two‐year investigation of developmental clumsiness. After a year's preliminary discussion they identified 20 children from a total of 400 who met the following criteria: (a) had poor motor co‐ordination for their age and (b) whose poor motor co‐ordination was affecting their schoolwork. The teachers' assessments were compared with those of a paediatric neurologist and a psychologist, and were shown to be very accurate. The group of children identified as ‘clumsy’ scored significantly poorly in relation to a control group on several measures of motor performance, and had a higher incidence of other educational and social problems. The heterogeneity of the group emphasised the difficulty of identifying a specific syndrome of ‘clumsiness’ in children. RÉSUMÉ Les enseignants de quatre écoles pour enfants normaux âgés de cinq à huit ans ont participéà une recherche de deux ans sur la maladresse en cours de développement. Après une discussion préliminaire d'un an, ils ont identifié 20 enfants parmi 400 présentant les caractéristiques suivantes: (a) ils avaient une coordination motrice pauvre pour leur âge; (b) cette coordination pauvre affectait la scolarité. Les appréciations des enseignants ont été comparées à celles d'un neuropsychiatre et d'un psychologue et se sont avérées très fondées. Le groupe d'enfants identifié comme “maladroits” avait des résultats significativement pauvres par rapport à un groupe contrôle dans plusieurs mesures de performances motrices et avait un taux plus élevé d'autres problémes éducatifs et sociaux. L'hétérogénéité du groupe a souligné la difficulté d'identifier un syndrome spécifique de “maladresse”. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wurde eine zweijährige Studie über entwicklungsbedingte Ungeschicklichkeit durchgeführt, an der sich Lehrer von vier Schulen für normale Kinder im Alter von fünf bis acht Jahren beteiligten. Nachdem ein Jahr lang eine vorläufige Beurteilung durchgefährt worden war, suchten die Lehrer 20 von 400 Kindern heraus, die die folgenden Kriterien erfüllten: (a) schlechte motorische Koordination für ihr Alter und (b) die schlechte motorische Koordination beeinträchtigte ihre Schulaufgaben. Die Beurteilungen der Lehrer wurden mit denen eines Neuropädiaters und eines Psychologen verglichen und erwiesen sich als sehr genau. Die Gruppe der Kinder, die als ungeschickt beurteilt worden waren, hatte signifikant schlechtere Leistungen bei verschiedenen motorischen Tests als die Kinder einer Kontrollgruppe und sie zeigten häufiger erzieherische und soziale Probleme. Die Verschiedenartigkeit der Gruppe unterstreicht die Schwierigkeit, ein spezifisches Syndrom der Ungeschicklichkeit zu definieren. RESUMEN Maestros de cuatro escuelas para niños normales de cinco a ocho años de edad tomaron parte en una investigación de dos años sobre el desarrollo de la torpeza. Después de un año de discusión preliminar identificaron 20 niños de un total de 400 que cumplian los criterios siguientes: a) tenían...
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