The CHAI appears to be a valid, reliable, and easily administered tool that can be used to assess health activation among adults, including those with limited health literacy. Future studies should test the tool in actual use and explore further applications.
Population aging is one of the most important social trends of the 21st century and in the United States, the number of people aged ≥65 is projected to increase by nearly 50% in the next 15 years. Most biomedical and public health efforts have focused on reducing harmful risk factors when targeting chronic disease—an approach that has contributed greatly to prevention and treatment programs. However, evidence suggests that the number of years lost to disability is increasing and historic gains we have made in life expectancy are eroding, and even reversing in some groups. As our society ages and grapples with these issues, expanding the focus to include resilience, as well as psychosocial assets in our prevention and treatment programs might help inform the multidisciplinary response effort we need. Here we synthesize research evaluating associations between different dimensions of psychological well-being (e.g., purpose in life, optimism, life satisfaction) and social well-being (e.g., structural, functional, quality) with chronic conditions. We also evaluate evidence around three biopsychosocial pathways hypothesized to underlie these associations. These factors are meaningful, measurable, and potentially modifiable; thus, further pursuing this line of inquiry might unveil innovative paths to enhancing the health of our rapidly aging society.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue comparar la validación de la escala de resiliencia, utilizada por Villegas y Zamudio (2006), con un nuevo formato de respuestas y una nueva muestra de estudiantes. El instrumento mencionado fue una escala de 34 items con 10 rangos de respuesta en forma de porcentajes, con un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.83, administrado a 294 estudiantes (147 mujeres y 149 hombres) de una secundaria del estado de Yucatán. De esta manera, se obtuvieron los factores de Autoestima, Moralidad, Apoyo Social, Independencia, Relacionarse, Apoyo Familiar y Optimismo. Para fines de la comparación propuesta, se aplicó un diseño cuantitativo y transeccional a una muestra de 250 estudiantes del sistema de telesencundaria del stado de Oaxaca, (111 mujeres y 139 hombres). El instrumento utilizado fue la misma escala de resiliencia, de 34 ítems de Villegas y Zamudio (2006), pero se modificó el rango de respuestas hacia un formato tipo Likert con cinco rangos de respuestas que fueron: 1: Nada parecido a mí, 2: Poco parecido a mí, 3: Algo parecido a mí 4: Bastante parecido a mí, y 5: Muy parecido a mí. Al analizar los datos de la nueva muestra, se observó que la consistencia interna de la escala de resiliencia puntuó con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.87 y al realizar el análisis factorial se obtuvieron los factores: Autoestima, Moralidad, Apoyo Social, Autopercepción e Independencia. Con base a lo anterior, se concluyó que existe semejanza entre las dimensiones obtenidas en este estudio, con respecto a las que reportaron los autores mencionados.
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