The use of flotation technique for the recovery of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) from wastewater treatment sludge was investigated in this study. The parameters that were investigated included dosage of floating agents (sodium oleate and sunlight dish liquid) and the percentage solids of the slurry. The experiments were performed by floating sieved and un-sieved materials and CaCO 3 was determined for both conditions as well as from tailings. Initial CaCO 3 analysis for the bulk material indicated that sieved and un-sieved materials had 63.4% and 32.9% CaCO 3 content by weight respectively. The modification of pH was effected by dosing 1g NaCO 3 to both 1000 g of sieved and un-sieved materials which was sufficient to raise the pH of the slurry to 9.5. A lower average recovery of 2.33% was observed on un-sieved material after using sodium oleate as a collector when compared to sunlight liquid of 31.6%. Therefore, it was concluded that for un-sieved material sunlight dishwashing liquid was a better collector compared to the latter. The results of this study proved that there is great potential of recovering commercial grade limestone from wastewater sludge.

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Bow shackle failures, over the years, raised the question whether these failures are attributed to microstructural changes along the profile of the shackle or due to the geometry of the shackle. Bow shackles forged from 080M40 (EN8) material were subjected to different heat treatments in order to alter the microstructure thereof. The shackles were 3D-scanned prior to fatigue testing, and the data points were imported into engineering simulation software (ANSYS), to build a finite element model of each shackle tested. The shackles were subjected to five different fatigue load cases, which represented typical loads experienced at termination points for an overhead line with a span length of 400 m, with changes in conductor type, configuration, wind and ice loading. The fatigue tests revealed that the improvement in fatigue performance with an increase in hardness was limited to the lower load levels. In addition, the finite element model indicated that the misalignment of the bolt holes results in unequal load distribution between the two legs, with a considerable increase in the bending stress experienced by the leg carrying the higher loading. The influence of the bow shape of the shackle was confirmed by testing straight-leg shackles also manufactured from 080M40 material, which outperformed the fatigue performance of the bow shackles. Furthermore, misalignment of the bolt holes for the straight shackles did not have the same detrimental effect compared to the bow shackle. Although the change in microstructure does influence the fatigue performance, this investigation concludes that the combined influences of the curved leg and misalignment of the bolt holes pose a greater impact on the fatigue performance of bow shackles than microstructure. Furthermore, the fatigue performance of line hardware shackles is significantly improved by changing the geometry of the shackle from a curved leg to a straight leg.