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The history and development of counselor credentialing are presented, including the dimensions of standards, accreditation, certification, and licensure. Unresolved issues critical to the success of interprofessional collaboration are analyzed. The authors offer predictions for the future of the nonmedical mental health professions, based on their assessment that collaboration is an essential but often neglected ingredient.

The doctoral degree in Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) is a terminal or final degree in the field of counseling. This article, provides an abbreviated look at the development of the CES doctoral degree, reviews the development of accreditation standards, reports on current status of the doctoral degree, and comments on the possible future of the CES doctoral degree.

Purpose: Current methods used to quantify aspects of recovery after surgery and anesthesia tend to be narrowly focused, not patient-rated, or have not been appropriately validated. We set out to develop a quality of recovery score system that is self-report and multi-dimensional, with applicability across various surgeries and surgical settings, from immediately post-surgery through discharge and covering the first 30 days of recovery. Methods: A Post-operative Recovery Index (PoRI) was validated on 225 patients (N Validation =96; N Cross Validation =129) who had undergone a surgical procedure within the last 30 days. Domain level internal consistency on the validation and cross validation samples yielded coefficients ranging from α=0.813 to α=0.932, while test-retest reliability yielded stability coefficients ranging from r=0.660 to r=0.881. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated validity of the factorial structure of the 37-item PoRI on the validation patient sample and confirmed on the cross validation patient sample. Exploratory psychometric analyses provided evidence of an overarching (second-order) "Recovery" factor. Results: We developed, tested, validated, and cross validated the Post-operative Recovery Index (PoRI) consisting of 37 items assessing symptomatology a patient may experience after surgery. Conclusion: The PoRI is offered as a valid, multidimensional measure of recovery after surgery and anesthesia with broad applicability in post-surgical settings. J o u rn al of A n e s th es ia & C li n ic a l Resea rc h

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