Noting the recent growth of self-help groups for manic-depressive illness and considering the scarcity of empirical studies on the effectiveness of group therapy in the treatment of this illness, this review examines the three available reports on groups and adds a fourth report on the authors' experience with a group over four-and-a-half years. The evidence argues in favor of combined lithium and group therapy. Some research questions and strategies for investigation follow.

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Experiments were conducted on arsenic and lead volatility from simulated slags containing either arsenic or lead. Samples were exposed to temperatures up to 900 C and atmospheres that were inert, oxidizing, reducing, or contained hydrogen chloride. Both arsenic and lead deposited within the system during the experiment, requiring a cleaning procedure to remove and capture the metal for measurement. Arsenic or lead volatility increased with increasing treatment time, temperature, and CO concentration. Lead volatility also increased with increasing HC1 concentration. The arsenic volatilized was two orders of magnitude less than lead for the same experimental conditions. The results show that under conditions similarly occurring in a hazardous waste incinerator, arsenic in a slag is relatively involatile, and only a small fraction of either arsenic or lead is volatilized.

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The staff of a family agency design a treatment method called crisis psychotherapy, describe the process, and examine its value to clients