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Quantitative information about amide interactions in water is needed to understand their contributions to protein folding and amide effects on aqueous processes, and to compare with computer simulations. Here we quantify interactions of urea, alkylated ureas and other amides by osmometry and amide-aromatic hydrocarbon interactions by solubility. Analysis of these data yields strengths of interaction of ureas and naphthalene with amide sp2O, amide sp2N, aliphatic sp3C, and amide and aromatic sp2C unified atoms in water. Interactions of amide sp2O with urea and naphthalene are favorable, while amide sp2O-alkyl urea interactions are unfavorable, becoming more unfavorable with increasing alkylation. Hence amide sp2O-amide sp2N interactions (proposed n–σ* hydrogen bond) and amide sp2O-aromatic sp2C (proposed n – π*) interactions are favorable in water, while amide sp2O-sp3C interactions are unfavorable. Interactions of all ureas with sp3C and amide sp2N are favorable and increase in strength with increasing alkylation, indicating favorable sp3C-amide sp2N and sp3C-sp3C interactions. Naphthalene results show that aromatic sp2C-amide sp2N interactions in water are unfavorable while sp2C-sp3C interactions are favorable. These results allow interactions of amide and hydrocarbon moieties and effects of urea and alkyl ureas on aqueous processes to be predicted or interpreted in terms of structural information. We predict strengths of favorable urea-benzene and N-methylacetamide interactions from experimental information to compare with simulations, and indicate how amounts of hydrocarbon and amide surface buried in protein folding and other biopolymer processes and transition states can be determined from analysis of urea and diethyl urea effects on equilibrium and rate constants.

BackgroundMuch of the work of teachers and leaders at academic health centers involves engaging learners and faculty members in shared goals. Strategies to do so, however, are seldom informed by empirically-supported theories of human motivation.DiscussionThis article summarizes a substantial body of motivational research that yields insights and approaches of importance to academic faculty leaders. After identification of key limitations of traditional rewards-based (i.e., incentives, or 'carrots and sticks’) approaches, key findings are summarized from the science of self-determination theory. These findings demonstrate the importance of fostering autonomous motivation by supporting the fundamental human needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In turn, these considerations lead to specific recommendations about approaches to engaging autonomous motivation, using examples in academic health centers.SummarySince supporting autonomous motivation maximizes both functioning and well-being (i.e., people are both happier and more productive), the approaches recommended will help academic health centers recruit, retain, and foster the success of learners and faculty members. Such goals are particularly important to address the multiple challenges confronting these institutions.

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In spite of the fact that product appearance would not seem to bear upon performance, this article provides evidence that the appearance of an industrial product may have an impact on its evaluation. Utilizing a conjoint scaling approach, Mel Yamamoto and David R. Lambert find that industrial product appearance exerts an influence, which in some circumstances exceeds the influence of certain product performance or price attributes. They suggest that attention paid to product aesthetics may have a payoff in terms of sales performance. And further, the impact of product appearance affects people in different organizational functions, across a range of technical orientations.