This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art radio propagation and channel models for wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We distinguish between physical models and analytical models and discuss popular examples from both model types. Physical models focus on the double-directional propagation mechanisms between the location of transmitter and receiver without taking the antenna configuration into account. Analytical models capture physical wave propagation and antenna configuration simultaneously by describing the impulse response (equivalently, the transfer function) between the antenna arrays at both link ends. We also review some MIMO models that are included in current standardization activities for the purpose of reproducible and comparable MIMO system evaluations. Finally, we describe a couple of key features of channels and radio propagation which are not sufficiently included in current MIMO models.

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Index Terms-MIMO vehicle-to-vehicle channels, 3D RS-GBSM, non-isotropic scattering, vehicular traffic density, statistical properties.

Abstract-Energy detection (ED) has been widely used fordetecting unknown deterministic signals in many wireless communication applications, e.g., cognitive radio, and ultra-wideband (UWB). However, the performance analysis of ED over slow fading channels is cumbersome, because it is difficult to derive closed-form expressions for the average probability of detection involving the generalised Marcum Q-function and the log-normal distribution. In this letter, we derive an approximation of the average probability of detection over a slow fading channel by replacing the log-normal distribution with a Wald distribution. In addition, we analyze the detection performance of the ED using a square-law combining scheme over multiple independent and identically distributed slow fading channels.