Contexts of risk for and protection from exposure to violence were identified and the relation of exposure to violence to delinquent behaviors and symptoms of trauma was examined. Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), the immediate daily experience of risky and protective contexts was examined. One hundred sixty-seven African American 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade children from urban neighborhoods carried watches and booklets for 1 week. Structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses that more time in risky contexts and less time in protective contexts was related to more exposure to violence. Exposure to violence partially mediated the relation of time in protective and risky contexts to delinquent behaviors, assessed with the Juvenile Delinquency Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist, and distress levels, assessed by a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) score.

The Hassles Scale (HS; Kanner, A.D., et al., J. Behav. Med. 4: 1-39, 1981) has aroused considerable debate. Its authors and some others report that it provides a superior way of operationalizing psychosocial stress and that it predicts health outcomes as well as or better than measures of major life events. Critics contend that the HS is confounded by an inability to separate the external, objective sources of stress from the internal, subjective reactions to it and that it measures, rather than predicts, psychological distress. In this article we argue that a careful distinction between the two major HS summary scores, Hassle Number and Hassle Intensity, will largely disentangle the confound. Results based on data collected from a sample of alcohol and substance abusers (N = 630) suggest that the number of external stressors and the strength of internal reactions to them can be separately assessed using the HS. Results indicate that these two components are independently as well as jointly associated with psychological distress.

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