Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids thus fail to reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions are controlled and most terrestrial species reside. Here we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all of the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding 2 m gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (3.6 ± 2.3°C warmer than gridded air temperature), whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (0.7 ± 2.3°C cooler). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets underpin that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining global gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Research in environmental science relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature at around 2 meter above ground1-3. These climatic grids however fail to reflect conditions near and below the soil surface, where critical ecosystem functions such as soil carbon storage are controlled and most biodiversity resides4-8. By using soil temperature time series from over 8500 locations across all of the world’s terrestrial biomes4, we derived global maps of soil temperature-related variables at 1 km resolution for the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth horizons. Based on these maps, we show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding 2 m gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C, with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Soils in cold and/or dry biomes are annually substantially warmer (3.6°C ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are slightly cooler (0.7 ± 2.3°C). As a result, annual soil temperature varies less (by 17%) across the globe than air temperature. The effect of macroclimatic conditions on the difference between soil and air temperature highlights the importance of considering that macroclimate warming may not result in the same level of soil temperature warming. Similarly, changes in precipitation could alter the relationship between soil and air temperature, with implications for soil-atmosphere feedbacks9. Our results underpin that the impacts of climate and climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments.
ResumoBuscando-se alternativas para a melhor destinação deste resíduo e para o suprimento da crescente demanda por mudas nativas, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o uso do lodo tratado na composição de substrato para produção de mudas de mirindiba-rosa. Foram avaliadas características biométricas e fisiológicas das mudas e a qualidade do torrão formado. Para tratamento do lodo, foi feita aplicação de cal a 15% do peso seco do resíduo, sendo testadas as proporções de lodo de esgoto tratado de 25, 50 e 75%, associadas ao substrato comercial, e 100% de lodo de esgoto tratado. O tratamento com 100% de substrato comercial foi considerado como controle. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA, e as diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os melhores resultados foram observados nas mudas produzidas em substratos com lodo de esgoto tratado em relação ao substrato comercial puro. Recomenda-se, para essa espécie, proporções entre 25 e 100% de lodo de esgoto tratado em substrato comercial. Palavras-chave: Resíduo urbano, mirindiba-rosa, viveiro florestal, qualidade do torrão. AbstractTreated sewage sludge in substrate composition for the production of Lafoensia glyptocarpa seedlings In order to search for alternatives of better allocation of sewage sludge and supply of the increasing demand for native tree seedlings, this study aimed to assess the treated sewage sludge in substrate composition of mirindiba-rosa seedlings production. Biometrical and physiological characteristics of the seedlings and the clod quality were assessed. For treating the sludge, a lime application was done at 15% of residue dry weight. The following proportions of treated sewage sludge were tested: 25, 50, and 75%, blended with commercial substrate, and 100% of treated sewage sludge. The treatment with 100% of commercial substrate was the control. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design (DIC), data were subjected to ANOVA, and the differences were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. The best results were observed for the seedlings produced in substrates with treated sewage sludge in comparison to pure commercial substrate. Proportions between 25 and 100% of treated sewage sludge on commercial substrate are recommended for this species. Keywords: Urban waste, mirindiba-rosa, forest nursery, clod quality. INTRODUÇÃOA mirindiba-rosa (Lafoensia glyptocarpa) é uma espécie nativa da Mata Atlântica, pertencente à família Lythraceae, considerada de rápido crescimento. É recomendada para plantios mistos, destinados à recuperação de áreas degradadas e de preservação permanente, bem como para utilização na arborização devido à sua rusticidade e belas flores (LORENZI, 2002). Atinge de 15 a 25 metros de altura e 40 a 60 cm de diâmetro, com floração podendo ocorrer de julho a agosto (CARVALHO, 2003). Foi observado que árvores adultas, isoladas em via pública, são capazes de atenuar 64% da radiação solar, contribuindo para o conforto térmico (ABREU HARBICH ...
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do lodo de esgoto tratado (LET) associado a substrato à base de casca de pinus (SC1) ou à base de fibra de coco (SC2), em diferentes proporções, como substrato para produção de mudas de vinhático. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, localizada na unidade de apoio a pesquisa da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, de junho a novembro de 2016. Utilizaram-se 20, 40, 60, 80% de LET associados ao SC1 ou ao SC2, 100% de LET e o tratamento com SC1 com adubação convencional (controle). O lodo de esgoto foi higienizado com adição de cal a 15% do peso seco. Os resultados revelam que as menores proporções de LET no substrato resultaram em mudas com melhor crescimento em altura, diâmetro do coleto, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, comprimento e volume radicular. A nodulação foi negativamente influenciada nas mudas produzidas em proporções acima de 20% de LET. A agregação do torrão ao substrato não foi influenciada pela adição de LET, entretanto, houve aumento da curvatura do torrão nas mudas produzidas em maiores quantidades de LET. O conteúdo da parte aérea de N, P e K foi menor nas mudas produzidas em substrato com LET. Para produção de mudas de vinhático, sugere-se a proporção de 20% de lodo de esgoto associado ao SC1 ou SC2, não havendo prejuízos em relação às mudas produzidas em substrato comercial adubado, utilizado comercialmente.
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