The majority of work-family research has focused on negative spillover between demands and outcomes and between the work and family domains (e.g., work-family conflict; see review by Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, & Brinley, 2005). The theory that guided this research was in most cases role stress theory (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985) or the role scarcity hypothesis (Edwards & Rothbard, 2000). However, according to spillover theory, work-related activities and satisfaction also affect non-work performance, and vice versa. Recently, in line with the positive psychology movement (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), work-family interaction research has also included concepts of positive spillover (Bakker & Schaufeli, 2008; Grzywacz & Marks, 2000). This emerging focus supplements the dominant conflict perspective by identifying new ways of cultivating human resource strength. Greenhaus and Powell (2006) suggested that work-family enrichment best captured the mechanism of the positive work-family interface, and conceptualized work-family enrichment as "the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other role" (p. 73). Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, and Grzywacz (2006) described the bi-directional and multidimensional concept of work-to-family enrichment (WFE) as how family roles benefit from work roles through developmental resources, positive affect and psychosocial capital derived from involvement in work. Similarly, family-to-work enrichment (FWE) is defined as how work roles benefit from family roles through developmental resources, positive affect and gains in efficiency derived from involvement in family. As the concept and measure of work-family enrichment has been specified and validated, the identification of factors that enable this positive side of work-family interface has become possible. Published theory testing research has demonstrated that the enrichment and conflict components of work-family interface are distinct,
We consider two fundamental problems in dynamic scheduling: scheduling to meet deadlines in a preemptive multiprocessor setting, and scheduling to provide good response time in a number of scheduling environments. When viewed from the perspective of traditional worst-case analysis, no good on-line algorithms exist for these problems, and for some variants no good off-line algorithms exist unless P = "P.We study these problems using a relaxed notion of competitive analysis, introduced by Kalyanasundaram and Pruhs, in which the on-line algorithm is allowed more resources than the optimal off-line algorithm to which it is compared.Using this approach, we establish that several well-known on-line algorithms, that have poor performance from an absolute worst-case perspective, are optimal for the problems in question when allowed moderately more resources. For the optimization of average flow time, these are the first results of any sort, for any MP-hard version of the problem, that indicate that it might be possible to design good approximation algorithms.* caphillQcs.sandia.gov. DISCLAIMERThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any wamntyY express or implied, or assumes any legal tiability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disdased, or represents that its use wouid not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necesSarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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