NCFB patients with associated COPD disease had the highest mortality rates compared to the other NCFB patients. Additional risk factors for lower survival were increasing age and number of lobes affected.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-known complication in hospitalised patients [1-5]. Risk factors include older age, obesity, immobilisation, active malignancy, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), (major) surgery, thrombophilia and a history of thromboembolism [2, 5]. In 1884, Rudolph Virchow first described the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, which consist of endothelial cell dysfunction/ inflammation, low blood flow and blood hypercoagulability. Current guidelines recommend the use of thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients who are at high risk for VTE (Padua score ⩾4, IMPROVE (International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism) score ⩾2) [6]. However, in medical practice, less than half of the patients at risk receive adequate thromboprophylaxis [4].

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Chronic lung allograft rejection is associated with a progressive form of constrictive bronchiolitis that targets conducting airways while sparing larger airways as well as terminal bronchioles and the alveolar surface.