Although clinical and radiological findings of patients with GM may mimic those of breast carcinoma, our study showed that women of childbearing age, especially among Hispanic ethnicity with a recent history of pregnancy or high prolactin level and newly tender mass-like lesion, in addition to new focal asymmetry on mammogram and heterogeneous hypoechoic irregular-shaped mass on ultrasound exam, should raise concern for GM. Non-invasive approach and clinical follow-up were the preferred treatment method.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive exam for detecting breast cancer. The American College of Radiology recommends women with 20% or greater lifetime risk of developing breast cancer be screened annually with MRI. However, other high-risk populations would also benefit. Hartmann et al. reported women with atypical hyperplasia have nearly a 30% incidence of breast cancer at 25-year follow-up. Women with dense breast tissue have up to a 4-fold increased risk of breast cancer when compared to average-risk women; their cancers are more likely to be mammographically occult. Because multiple cohorts of women are at high risk for developing breast cancer, there has been a movement to develop an abbreviated MRI (abMRI) protocol to expand the availability of MRI screening. Studies on abMRI effectiveness have been promising, with Weinstein et al. demonstrating a cancer detection rate of 27.4/1000 in women with dense breasts after a negative digital breast tomosynthesis. Breast MRI is also used to evaluate the extent of disease as part of preoperative assessment in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, and to assess a patient’s response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This paper aims to explore the current uses of MRI and propose future indications and directions.

The flow of data across the Internet has grown considerably in the last years and maintains this trend in volume, complexity, and variety, and therefore needs to be adequately managed by ISPs. Network neutrality represents the concept that ISPs should not discriminate against internet traffic in general based on its source, destination, and content. Several countries adopt a hard stance and prohibit certain abusive conduct from achieving this goal. An open issue and challenging task are to propose an operational and effective traffic management model that can implement and comply with network neutrality on ISP's networks. This dissertation presents evidence on the use of Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) as a mechanism to implement neutrality in IP/MPLS networks. BAMs, in brief, can allocate resources on-demand and have distinct “behaviors” that can achieve network neutrality. This work introduces the AllocTC-Sharing behavior reproduced by the Generalized Bandwidth Allocation Model (G-BAM). It discusses how this behavior can perform a network operation following network neutrality, even using service differentiation. Finally, it simulates and evaluates the compliance with the established rules, considering a non-discriminatory mapping of applications in different Traffic Classes. The results indicate that the AllocTC-Sharing behavior is appropriate and compatible with the net neutrality rules.

Network neutrality (NN) is a principle of equal treatment of data in network infrastructures with fairness and universality being the primary outcomes of the NN management practice. For networks, the accomplishment of NN management practice is essential to deal with heterogeneous user requirements and the ever-increasing data traffic. Current tools and methods address the NN problem by detecting network neutrality violations and detecting traffic differentiation. This paper proposes the NN-PCM (Network Neutrality Policy Conformance Module) that deploys the BEREC network neutrality policy using a bandwidth allocation model (BAM). The NN-PCM new approach allocates bandwidth to network users and accomplishes the BEREC NN policy concomitantly. Network neutrality is achieved by grouping users with similar traffic requirements in classes and leveraging the bandwidth allocation model's characteristics. The conceptual analysis and simulation results indicate that NN-PCM allocates bandwidth to users and accomplishes BEREC network neutrality conformance by design with transparent, non-discriminatory, exceptional, and proportional management practices.