International audienceIn France, the recycling of nuclear waste fuels involves theuse of hot concentrated nitric acid. The understanding andprediction of the behaviour of the structural materials(mainly austenitic stainless steels) requires the determinationand modelling of the nitric acid reduction process. Nitric acidis indirectly reduced by an autocatalytic mechanism dependingon the cathodic overpotential and acid concentration.This mechanism has been widely studied. All theauthors agree on its autocatalytic nature, characterized bythe predominant role of the reduction products. It is also generallyadmitted that neither nitric acid nor the nitrate ion isthe electroactive species. However, the nature of the electroactivespecies, the place where the catalytic species regeneratesand the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviour ofthe reaction intermediates remain uncertain. The aim of thisstudy was to clarify some of these uncertainties by performingan electrochemical investigation of the reduction of4 M nitric acid at 40 °C at an inert electrode (platinum orgold). An inert electrode was chosen as the working electrodein a first step to avoid its oxidation and focus the research on the reduction mechanism. This experimental workenabled us to suggest a coherent sequence of electrochemicaland chemical reactions. Kinetic modelling of this sequencewas then carried out for a gold rotating disk electrode.A thermodynamic study at 25 °C allowed the compositionof the liquid and gaseous phases of nitric acid solutionsin the concentration range 0.5–22 M to be evaluated. The kineticsof the reduction of 4 M nitric acid was investigated bycyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at an inert electrodeat 40 °C. The coupling of chronoamperometry and FTIRspectroscopy in the gaseous phase led to the identification ofthe gaseous reduction products as a function of the cathodicoverpotential. The results showed that the reduction processis autocatalytic for potentials between 0.6 and 1.15 V/NHE.The electroactive species may be regenerated at the surfaceof the electrode for lower potentials, otherwise this regenerationprocess occurs in solution by a homogeneous chemicalreaction. When the potential is less than 0.6 V/NHE, the fastreduction of nitrogen oxide may lead to rupture of the autocatalyticcycle

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In this work, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques have been used to study the lithiation/delithiation of graphite using powder microelectrode in a 1.2 M LiPF 6 in EC:EMC electrolyte. The advantage of using the powder microelectrode is the possibility to easily study graphite without any additive and determine electrochemical characteristic of Li-insertion. The use of cyclic voltammetry at very low scan rates allows to estimate the diffusion coefficient of lithium inside graphite. The exchange current density of graphite for several state of charge (SoC) has also been determined by EIS measurements. Moreover, the powder microelectrode is a useful tool to study the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite whether by cyclic voltammetry or EIS.

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