Quantitative and interview data on rape victims' self-evaluation and attributions of personal responsibility were studied to explore the relevance of theories of "defensive attribution" and maintenance of belief in a "just world." Clinical implications of the findings for adjustment of victims, counseling, victim compensation, and the legal system are discussed.

Two counseling-analogue studies compared empathic-listening and active advice-giving styles of telephone counseling with college undergraduate participants. Nonsignificant trends of preference for the advice-giving style in Study 1 led to the comparison in Study 2 of these same styles with a third, combined counselor role. Results consistently indicated significant participant preference for active advice giving on overall call evaluation and on the two major factors (Helpfulness of Call and Helper Likability) of the evaluation questionnaire. Implications of the findings for paraprofessional training and outcome evaluation of ongoing telephone-counseling services are discussed.

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Response‐cost procedures within a token economy with extremely regressed residents excluded many residents from access to positive reinforcement. Procedures allowing residents to “purchase eligibility” to obtain backup reinforcers through contingent payment on standing fines, combined with proportional fine payoff schedules contingent upon time without new fines, increased payment on fines, reduced incidence of new fines, and increased utilization of backup reinforcers. These modifications removed adverse side effects while retaining the benefits associated with response costs. Failures or adverse effects of elements of token systems should not occasion abandonment of token economies, but rather encourage their continual evaluation and modification.