Background: Clostridium difficile is a common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, which is usually associated with previous antibiotic use. The clinical manifestations of C. difficile infection (CDI) may range from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. Clostridium difficile should be considered in diarrhea cases with a history of antibiotic use within the last 8 weeks (community-associated CDI) or with a hospital stay of at least 3 days, regardless of the duration of antibiotic use (hospital-acquired CDI). Aims: This study investigated the frequency of CDI in diarrheic patients and evaluated the efficacy of the triple diagnostic algorithm that is proposed here for C. difficile detection. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In this study, we compared three methods currently employed for C. difficile detection using 95 patient stool samples: an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for toxin A/B (C. diff Toxin A+B; Diagnostic Automation Inc.; Calabasas, CA, USA), an EIA for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (C. DIFF CHEK-60TM, TechLab Inc.; Blacksburg, VA, USA), and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay (GeneXpert ® C. difficile; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) that detects C. difficile toxin genes and conventional methods as well. In this study, 50.5% of the patients were male, 50 patients were outpatients, 32 were from inpatient clinics and 13 patients were from the intensive care unit. Results:Of the 95 stool samples tested for GDH, 28 were positive. Six samples were positive by PCR, while nine samples were positive for toxin A/B. The hypervirulent strain NAP-1 and binary toxin was not detected. The rate of occurrence of toxigenic C. difficile was 5.1% in the samples. Cefaclor, ampicillin-sulbactam, ertapenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam were the most commonly used antibiotics by patients preceding the onset of diarrhea. Among the patients who were hospitalized in an intensive care unit for more than 7 days, 83.3% were positive for CDI by PCR screening. If the PCR test is accepted as the reference: C. difficile Toxin A/B ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 67% and 94%, respectively, and GDH sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion: Tests targeting C. difficile toxins are frequently applied for the purpose of diagnosing CDI in a clinical setting. However, changes in the temperature and reductant composition of the feces may affect toxin stability, potentially yielding false-negative test results. Therefore, employment of a GDH EIA, which has high sensitivity, as a screening test for the detection of toxigenic strains, may prevent false-negative results, and its adoption as part of a multistep diagnostic algorithm may increase accuracy in the diagnosis of CDIs.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada laboratuvar testleri ile romatolojik bulgu ve belirtileri olan bir hasta nüfusu tanımlandı. Hastalar ve yöntemler:Toplam 386 hastanın (90 erkek, 296 kadın, ort. yaş 45.9; dağılım 14-91 yıl) üç yıllık bir döneme ait romatolojik bulgu ve belirtilerine ilişkin veriler, retrospektif olarak incelendi. İnflamatuvar aktivite eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı (ESR) ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) testleri kullanılarak, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarında değerlendirildi. Romatoid faktör (RF) ve siklik sitrüline peptid (CCP) antikorları da analiz edildi. Eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı (mm/sa) standart yöntemler ile tayin edilirken, RF ve CRP immünonefelometri ile ölçüldü. Anti-CCP, üretici firmanın talimatları doğrultusunda bir test kiti ile çalışıldı. Objectives:The aim of this study was to characterize a population of patients with rheumatological signs and symptoms according to laboratory tests. Patients and methods:Data of a total of 386 patients (90 males, 296 females; mean age 45.9 years; range 14 to 91) with rheumatological signs and symptoms for a three-year period were retrospectively analyzed. Inflammatory activity using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) tests were evaluated at the microbiology laboratory of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar. The presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies were also analyzed. The ESR (mm/h) was determined by standard methods, while the RF and CRP were measured by immunonephelometry. The anti-CCP was studied by using a test kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.Results: A total of 270 patients were examined in a physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. The results for anti-CCP, RF, CRP, and ESR were positive in 58 (21.5%), 77 (28.9%), 120 (44.4%) and 107 patients (39.6%) respectively. Among these patients, a total of 67 were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). When we considered the association of ESR, CRP, RF, and anti-CCP positivity with RA diagnosis, both anti-CCP (F=0.920) and RF (F=0.782) had a high positive correlation with RA. There was a close association between CRP (F=0.289) and ESR (F=0.236). Each of them had a moderate correlation with RA. Conclusion:Our study results showed that anti-CCP, followed by RF was the most closely associated autoantibody in suspected RA patients. The anti-CCP and RF combination provided the best test sensitivity.
Amaç:Bölgemizdeki gebelerde toksoplazma ve rubella antikorlarının varlığı araştırılarak seropozitiflik oranının saptanması ve bu iki etken için rutin taramanın gerekliliği konusuna açıklık getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: Üniversitemiz Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum polikliniğine 2010-2011 tarihlerinde başvuran, 20. gebelik haftası ve altındaki gebelerden istenen toksoplazma ve rubella IgM-IgG antikorlarına ait veriler retrospektif olarak taranmıştır. Hasta serumlarında Rubella antikorları, Toksoplazma antikorları ve avidite testleri enzim immunoassay (EIA) yöntemiyle VIDAS (BioMerieux, Fransa) kitleri ile çalışılmıştır. Bulgular: Rubella IgM antikorlarında (n=10) %1.8 oranında pozitiflik saptanırken, IgG antikorları seropozitiflik oranı %92.5 (n=465) olarak saptanmıştır. Toksoplazma IgM antikorlarında pozitiflik oranı %1.6 (n=9) olarak saptanırken, IgG seropozitifliği %22.7 (n=119) olarak bulunmuştur. Rubella IgM pozitif ve/veya ara değer olarak değerlendirilen toplam 18 hastada rubella IgG pozitif ve yüksek avidite saptanmıştır. Toksoplazma IgM pozitif 9 hastadan 7'sinde ve ara değer olarak değerlendirilen diğer 7 hastada IgG antikorlarının pozitif olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Bölgemizdeki gebelerde tespit edilen yüksek rubella seropozitiflik oranları sebebiyle rubella için tarama stratejik açıdan gerekli görülmemektedir. Seronegatiflik oranlarımızın halen yüksek olması sebebiyle Toxoplasma gondii açısından tarama yapılabilir. Ancak bu tarama tüm gebelerin değil riskli grubun gebeliklerinde sadece IgM takibi şeklinde olabilir.
SummaryInfection with the adult form of Ascaris lumbricoides develops in the small intestine. Despite its rareness, one of the most severe complications of the disease is pancreatobiliary system obstruction. Herein we report a patient presenting with suppurative cholangitis that caused by A. lumbricoides. Choledochotomy + T-tube drainage procedures were performed and found that the common bile duct was obstructed with an adult form of A. lumbricoides. Despite of the antibiotic treatment, the patient has died due to bacterial sepsis. Choledochal ascariasis is an unusual and a relatively rare clinical entity. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained suppurative cholangitis with sudden onset, obstructive jaundice and so on. Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, Suppurative cholangitis, Obstructive jaundice Ascaris lumbricoides'in Neden Olduğu Süpüratif Kolanjit: Fatal Seyirli Olgu Sunumu ÖzetAscaris lumbricoides'in erişkin formları ince bağırsakta enfeksiyon yapar. Nadir olmasına rağmen bu hastalığın en ciddi komplikasyonlarından biri pankreatobiliyer sistem tıkanıklığıdır. Bu makalede A. lumbricoides'in neden olduğu süpüratif kolanjit nedeniyle başvuran bir hasta sunulmuştur. Olguda koledoktaki tıkanıklığa A. lumbricoides'in neden olduğu görülmüş ve hastaya koledokotomi + T tüp drenajı uygulanmıştır. Ancak olgu antibiyotik tedavisine rağmen bakteriyel sepsis nedeniyle kaybedilmiştir. Koledokal askariasis alışılmadık ve oldukça nadir görülen bir klinik tablodur. Etiyolojisi izah edilemeyen, ani başlangıçlı süpüratif kolanjit ve tıkanma sarılığı gibi durumlarda ayırıcı tanıda askariasis düşünülmelidir.
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