Purpose – This study investigates the impact of the two main issues of the fortification of the Board Audit Committee which includes the effectiveness and independence factors practiced within the Audit Committee compared between the MCCG 2012 and the MCCG 2017 era.Design/methodology/approach –In order to review the performance of active and distinct Board Audit Committees, purposeful sampling approach is used, accompanied with regression analysis, content analysis, and systematic prior research, which evaluates the Annual Reports, Sustainability Reports and Integrated Reports.Originality/value – This study is a systematic review of recent research developments in MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017. The Effective Board Audit Committee and the Independent Board Audit Committee scoring indices designed could also be applied to other PLCs other than the Malaysian oil and gas industry.

Purpose – This study investigates the impact of the two main determinants of strengthening the independence of the board through Independent Board of Directors and Board Tenure compared between pre and post MCCG 2017.Design/methodology/approach – The study will follow the purposive sampling method followed by descriptive statistics, regression analysis and content analysis derived from MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017 together with previous studies to analyse the annual reports in order to explore the reporting of Board Independence and Board Tenure.Originality/value – This study is a systematic review of recent research developments in MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017. The Board Independence and Board Tenure scoring index designed could also be applied to other PLCs other than the Malaysian oil and gas industry.

Purpose The study aims to examine the association between the sustainable development triangle and real earnings management (REM) and the moderating role of business innovation. Design/methodology/approach The study was based on the quadruple bottom line approach to measuring corporate sustainable development. For the REM, Roychowdhury model is used to identify the practices. The study used panel data using 740 firm-year observations from non-financial listed companies in the Nigerian market from 2011 to 2020, collected from the Nigeria Stock Exchange. Findings The study finds a negative influence on the association of economic, environmental, social and governance (EESG) on REM in related party transactions. Thus, by regressing the three different components of REM separately, then EESG will have strongest impact as well. The study suggests a bidirectional association between EESG and REM. Furthermore, the study finds that business innovation strengthens the negative association between EESG and REM. The study concludes that sustainable companies in the Nigerian public market are less liable to practice REM. Research limitations/implications The study examines only non-financial listed companies quoted on the Nigeria Stock Exchange, which restricts the generalization of the findings. Practical implications The findings of the study should be of immense value to the investors who need comprehensive appraisal of earnings quality to enhance sustainable development strategies for sustainable business innovation among Nigeria firms. Thus, sustainability and innovation can serve as the principles for supporting developing countries impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and supporting a sustainable development. Social implications The study will be of immense value to policymakers, regulators and standard setters who demand for facts insightful of business practices and reporting behaviors for sustainable development. Originality/value Existing studies have mainly focused on triple bottom line. This study adds to the existing body of literature on the Quadruple bottom line in an African market. More so, the study investigates the impact of business innovation on the relationship between economic, environmental, social and governance and real earnings management, which was rarely investigated in the prior literature.

This study examines the impact of Intelligent Energy assessed by seven criteria to be followed by Malaysia’s listed companies (PLCs), regulated by Bursa Malaysia which are regulated by the Malaysian Corporate Governance Code 2017 (MCCG 2017)—30 percent Women Boards of Directors as well as by the existence of the Board Sustainability Committee which have not been endorsed by the MCCG 2017. In order to explore the reporting of the seven criteria of intelligent energy amongst Malaysian oil and gas public listed companies, in terms of gender-based and sustainability-based, it follows the methodology of descriptive statistics, regression analysis and content analysis derived from previous studies and the analysis of annual reports and integrated reports. This research provides a thorough analysis of present study breakthroughs in the worldwide oil and gas industry’s Integrated Operations. The 30 percent moderation factor Female Board members, as per the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance 2017 (MCCG, 2017), would be assessed to see whether having an increased representation of women would encourage the implementation of the seven criteria of Intelligent Energy, as well as the moderation factor of the Board Sustainability Committee, which has not yet been made recommended practice by MCCG 2017, would be a driving force towards intelligent energy within the Malaysian oil and gas industry. Other than the Malaysian oil and gas sector, the Intelligent Energy scoring index might be used to other oil and gas PLCs in the ASEAN area, such as Vietnam and Myanmar, which have growing oil and gas resources.

The goal of this study is to see how consolidated business model exposures in the Integrated Report or Annual Report affect the top 30 Malaysian PLCs, moderated by the MCCG 2017 recommendation of including 30% of women on the board of directors.In order to analyze the Integrated Business Model exposures among the top 30 Malaysian PLCs, the study uses a purposeful sampling technique coupled with predictive analysis, multiple regression analysis, and quantitative analysis derived from previous studies, as well as a summary of annual reports and integrated reports.The construction of a new Female Governing Board Content-Scoring Index will identify the best policies of the top 30 Malaysian PLCs, which will benefit both researchers and business players outside of the top 30.This research is a systematic study of detailed methodological developments in Integrated Business Model disclosures reported through the Integrated Report and Annual Reports of the top 30 Malaysian PLCs, in terms of uniqueness.In conclusion, with regards to the acceptance of the Integrated Business Model , the results show significance in terms of Return on Assets which reflects internal top management’s acceptance, which is also in congruence with the significance shown in terms of Return on Equity which reflects external investors and shareholders’ acceptance, and finally are also symmetrical to the significance results shown in terms of TobinsQ which reflects the market participants.