A substantial medical need exists for the development of antiviral medicines for the treatment of diseases associated with infection by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). HPVs are associated with various benign and malignant lesions including benign genital condyloma, common skin warts, laryngeal papillomas and anogenital cancer. Since treatment options are limited and typically not very satisfactory, the development of safe and effective antiviral drugs for HPV could have substantial clinical impact. In the last few years, exciting advances have been made in our understanding of papillomavirus replication and the effects that the virus has on growth of the host cell. Although still somewhat rudimentary, techniques have been developed for limited virion production in vitro offering the promise of more rapid advances in the dissection and understanding of the virus life cycle. Of the 8–10 HPV gene products that are made during infection, only one encodes enzymatic activities, the E1 helicase. Successful antiviral therapies have traditionally targeted viral enzymes such as polymerases, kinases and proteases. In contrast, macromolecular interactions which mediate the functions of E6, E7 and E2 are thought to be more difficult targets for small molecule therapy.