This article critically examines the challenges associated with demand for immunization, including the interplay of political, social, economic and technological forces that influence the level of immunization coverage. The article suggests a framework to capture the complex and dynamic nature of the immunization process and tests its effectiveness using a case study of Ugandan healthcare provision. Field study research methods and qualitative system dynamics, a feedback and control theory based modelling approach, are used to capture the complexity and dynamic nature of the immunization process, to enhance a deeper understanding of the immunization organizational environment. A model showing the dynamic influences associated with demand and provision of immunization services, with the aim of facilitating the decision making process as well as healthcare policy interventions, is presented.

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Indigenous knowledge (IK) is an integral part of the culture and history of local communities. We need to learn from local communities to enrich the development process. IK systems are also dynamic; new knowledge is continuously added. IK is stored in people's memories, activities and is expressed and communicated orally and this posses a serious threat to its preservation and development. However this depicts Indigenous knowledge Management (IKM) as a complex, global and dynamic issue and hence a need for a collaborative framework that will enhance information exchange. Utilization of collaborative frameworks, are increasingly being used in solving problems whose efficiency depends on an interactive nature. Networking or collaboration allows for a more effective pooling of resources and sharing of experiences and information on indigenous knowledge, both among various individuals and organizations.

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Abstract. This paper presents "research in progress" for a proposed process simulationmodelling framework for improving the requirements engineering process effectiveness. It presents a framework based on system dynamics model for measuring the RE process performance in terms of quality, cost resources and schedule adherence. The paper describes the factors included in an initial requirements engineering process model and proposes further work based on the main research issues derived from the model. In developing such a model, the research fills an important gap in the requirements engineering process literature and has the potential to provide practising requirements managers with a tool to support policy development and decision-making in improving process effectiveness. The strength of the proposed model and its advantages over the existing models is its dynamic nature, and its capability to incorporate both hard and soft factors and the understanding gained from explanatory insights from the feedback structures. Preliminary results based on a pilot case study suggest that the process modelbased tool makes a useful contribution for understanding the RE process. Such a tool may be useful in attaining process effectiveness based on a learning and training environment supported by the system dynamics tools.