ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of latex sensitization in a group of patients with bladder exstrophy, and to determine the role of associated risk factors, e.g. atopy, and the number and duration of surgical and anaesthetic procedures.Patients and methodsThe study comprised 17 patients (15 children and two young adults) affected by bladder exstrophy who had undergone multiple surgical procedures. Skin‐prick tests and specific immunoglobulin‐E (IgE) assays against latex, food allergens cross‐reacting with latex and inhalant allergens were carried out.ResultsTwelve patients showed latex sensitization and five showed symptoms related to latex exposure, the most common of which was contact urticaria (four of the symptomatic patients). Intraoperative anaphylactic reaction had led to life‐threatening events in only one child. Latex‐specific IgE determined both by the prick test and assay was positive in all those with symptoms. Specific IgEs against inhalant allergens and foods were present in four of five symptomatic patients. In the seven sensitized patients with no clinical symptoms, the assay was positive in all, while the skin‐prick test was positive only in four; specific IgEs against inhalant allergens were present in three of the seven. In the five patients not allergic and not latex‐sensitized, only one showed allergic sensitization against grass pollen and mite allergen. None of the children without latex antibodies had symptoms of latex allergy. Symptomatic patients had a undergone significantly more hours of surgery, more cystography and had used intermittent catheterization for longer than those with no symptoms.ConclusionA third of patients with bladder exstrophy showed latex symptoms and another third had latex sensitization. Multiple surgical procedures and atopy play a major role in the development of latex hypersensitivity

Com o objetivo de verificar a presença de VEGF e IGF-1 nos ovários de cadelas, foram realizadas análises imuno-histoquímicas do estroma cortical; teca e granulosa de folículos secundários, terciários e terciários pré-ovulatórios luteinizados; e ovócitos de folículos primários, secundários e terciários de ovários de cinco cadelas em anestro (Anest) e cinco em estro (Est). A identificação das fases do ciclo estral foi realizada por citologia vaginal associada a dosagem plasmática de progesterona. Os ovários foram submetidos a tratamento imuno-histoquímico para identificação de VEGF (anticorpo primário PU 360-UP, Biogenex, USA; diluição 1:30) e IGF-1 (anticorpo primário PabCa, Gro-Pep, Austrália; diluição 1:100). Determinou-se um índice de imunomarcação (IM), para cada tecido avaliado, pela razão entre a área positivamente marcada dividida pela área total analisada. Para os ovócitos, verificou-se imunomarcação positiva ou negativa. As comparações de IM entre tecidos foram realizadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon (diferentes tecidos em mesmo grupo) ou Mann-Whitney (mesmo tecido entre diferentes grupos), todas no nível de 5% de significância. VEGF e IGF-1 foram identificados, de forma semelhante (P>0,05), em todas as estruturas avaliadas em ambos os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que esses fatores de crescimento estão presentes em cadelas no anestro e estro, no estroma cortical ovariano, folículos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e ovócitos.

Aggressive behaviors have large social consequences among all species. Aggression may serve to protect one's vital concerns, disrupt relations, and command dominance or subordination and may be a strong source of admiration or rejection (e.g., Aureli & de Waal, 2000). Because of its social importance, multiple biological and cultural mechanisms to regulate aggression have evolved over time, including emotion processes that are key agents in the regulation of aggression, both within and between persons. Humans and other animals are highly sensitive to signals of others' emotional states. Processing of such emotion signals directly affects the perceiver's own emotional state, predisposing both body and mind to respond appropriately. These processes appear partly "hardwired" in the lower brain regions, but they also have an important socially regulated side, in which humans are highly sensitive to the social norms and conventions concerning emotional behavior and the meaning of emotion signals in social interactions (Dodge, 2006;Frijda, 1988).These emotion processes appear to be very relevant to our understanding of aggressive behavior problems in children. Could it be that aggressive behavior problems are triggered by dysregulation of emotional processes in social interaction? Can aggressive behavior problems result from lessened sensitivity

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