Abstract-We propose a new framework for providing robust location detection in emergency response systems, based on the theory of identifying codes. The key idea of this approach is to allow sensor coverage areas to overlap in such a way that each resolvable position is covered by a unique set of sensors. In this setting, determining a sensor-placement with a minimum number of sensors is equivalent to constructing an optimal identifying code, an NP-complete problem in general. We thus propose and analyze a new polynomial-time algorithm for generating irreducible codes for arbitrary topologies. We also generalize the concept of identifying codes to incorporate robustness properties that are critically needed in emergency networks and provide a polynomial-time algorithm to compute irreducible robust identifying codes. Through analysis and simulation, we show that our approach typically requires significantly fewer sensors than existing proximity-based schemes. Alternatively, for a fixed number of sensors, our scheme can provide robustness in the face of sensor failures or physical damage to the system.