This paper presents the design and map-based teleoperation of a robot with ultraviolet-C (UVC) lamps that disinfects the COVID-19 virus in complex indoor environments. To disinfect a wide range of surfaces, the robot has an arm with six degrees-of-freedom in addition to a wheeled platform. The wheeled platform attaches tube lamps on each side and underneath in the orientation perpendicular to the moving direction, and the robot arm has a spot UVC lamp at its end-effector. A method for projecting surface dosage using light properties is proposed and validated using the sensor measurements from the robotic system. A technique for creating a disinfection map is presented to prove surface disinfection of the environment in three-dimensional space. The developed robot was tested in an indoor environment with typical structures. Experimental results demonstrate accurate disinfection map creation.

This paper presents a Bayesian technique for navigating a mobile robot to safely escort a human to their destination. A mathematical analysis of escorting identifies the significance of human intention inference for escorting success. The proposed Bayesian technique observes the head pose of the human walking behind the robot to infer their intention. The future human pose is then predicted by fusing two independent predictions using Gaussian fusion. One prediction method uses the observed intention, and the other prediction uses a physics‐based model. Both prediction methods initially use particle filters to best model nonlinear and non‐Gaussian motion. The robot goal pose is determined from the predicted human motion and adjusted if necessary leveraging the unoccupied distance map to avoid obstacles and successfully and safely enable autonomous escorting. Experimental analysis shows that the incorporation of the proposed human intention model reduces human position prediction error by approximately 33% when turning, improving escorting accuracy by 50%. The incorporation of the proposed obstacle avoidance has further demonstrated its need and efficacy for successful and safe autonomous escorting.

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