Simultaneously addressing the individual and institutional level influences on mental health offers the most promising help for students.

Introduction: We examined whether educational attainment differentially contributes to cognitive reserve (CR) across race/ethnicity. Methods: A total of 1553 non-Hispanic Whites (Whites), non-Hispanic Blacks (Blacks), and Hispanics in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) completed structural magnetic resonance imaging. Mixture growth curve modeling was used to examine whether the effect of brain integrity indicators (hippocampal 70

These results suggest that, within a given racial group, increasing access to prenatal care and increasing maternal educational attainment will improve infant mortality rates but will not eliminate the black/white disparity in infant mortality. In fact, these interventions may actually widen the disparity in infant mortality rate between blacks and whites, especially if funds and programs are applied equally throughout the population, rather than targeted to high-risk individuals, who lag significantly behind the majority population. The Wisconsin white population, which has already attained an infant mortality rate of 4.5 per 1,000 live births, will continue to have greatest benefit from these programs compared to blacks who have a rate of 19.2 in 2004; thus, the disparity is not eliminated and the gap widens probably due to differential uptake of health messages secondary to health literacy issues. Further research is needed to fully understand the additional, more difficult to measure factors that contribute significantly to infant mortality, especially among black women.