The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.

The study is aimed to assess the scope of endoscopic stapedotomy in overcoming technical challenges faced during conventional stapedotomy using operating microscope. Sixty-four patients with clinical and audiological diagnosis of otosclerosis were randomly assigned into one of the 2 groups—one underwent conventional stapedotomy using operating microscope, while the other group underwent endoscopic stapedotomy, the operating surgeon being the same for both groups, for all cases. The 2 groups were observed in terms of extent of the postero-superior canal bone curettage/drilling, chorda tympani repositioning, visualization of footplate area, surgical time from first incision to ear packing, post-operative morbidity in terms of post-operative pain, vertigo, hearing outcome, and changes in taste sensation. It was observed that irrespective of the width of the external auditory canal, endoscopic approach offered better access to the footplate area requiring lesser bone removal and chorda tympani repositioning. The operating time, post-operative pain, and changes in taste sensation were significantly less in the endoscopic group. However, no difference was noted in terms of the post-operative hearing outcome and incidence of vertigo. Endoscopic stapedotomy has clear advantages in terms of the technicality and accessibility to the working area as well as faster recovery.

Objectives To compare endoscopic transcanal approach to attic cholesteatoma with conventional microscopic transcanal technique Methods Seventy‐eight patients diagnosed with attic cholesteatoma were randomly assigned into two groups—one undergoing endoscopic approach and the other microscopic technique. The two groups were compared in terms of area of exposure, access to hidden areas in terms of Middle Ear Structural Visibility Index (MESVI), intraoperative time, postoperative pain, vertigo, long‐term hearing, and surgical outcomes. Results The mean area of exposure in endoscopic atticotomy required was less than that in microscopic group and was found to be statistically significant. The median MESVI for endoscopic group better than that for microscopic group (P < .0001). The mean operating time in endoscopic approach was less than that in case of microscopic approach, with P < .05. The median postoperative pain score in the endoscopic group was less than that in microscopic group (P < .05). No significant difference was found between two groups in terms of vertigo experienced at the end of first week and air‐bone gap closure. When long‐term surgical outcomes were assessed at 1 year, in endoscopic group, one patient had disease recurrence, one cartilage displacement, one perforation, and two had retraction pocket formation. In the microscopic group, two patients had recurrence, four cartilage displacement, one perforation, and five retraction pocket formation. Conclusion Endoscopic management of limited attic cholesteatoma has definite advantages over the conventional microscopic approach. Level of Evidence 1 Laryngoscope, 130:2461–2466, 2020

Myringoplasty is a procedure which deals on repair of the tympanic membrane. This procedure can be done via postaural, endaural or endomeatal route. Various grafts such as temporalis fascia, vein graft, perichondrium are used. The technique can be categorized as underlay, overlay, interlay or its combination depending on the placement of the graft material. This study was done to compare underlay, overlay and combined technique in terms of the closure of the membrane defect, postoperative complications and over all success rates. Apart from few complications, this study revealed over all success rate was best with combined technique but the difference was not significant statistically when the methods are comparable among them.

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