BACKGROUND Mediastinal masses, an enigma to surgical pathologist are among the most complicated lesions explored and relatively inaccessible. They often connote a process with mass effect presenting with superior mediastinal syndrome. This is a challenging area faced by surgical pathologist as varied lesions are found here and often biopsies obtained are tiny and crushed. Appropriate therapy of various mediastinal tumours differs considerably and may significantly impact survival. We wanted to evaluate the various lesions in different compartments of mediastinum and categorise them according to anatomical location, and histopathology. METHODS Patients with mediastinal masses attending outpatient department were selected, history taken and relevant investigations done with radiological evaluation for proper anatomical location of lesion. Histopathological study done on tissues obtained by ultrasound / CT guided biopsy, open surgical biopsy were categorized according to histologic types. Immunohistochemistry was done wherever applicable. RESULTS A total of 58 cases of mediastinal lesions were studied where males predominated and age of patients ranged from 11 months to 68 yrs. All patients were symptomatic. Shortness of breath, superior vena cava syndrome was dominant in anterior and superior mediastinal lesions, middle and posterior mediastinal masses presented with chest pain. Most lesions were neoplastic. Germ cell tumours were found in (24.14 %) followed by lymphoma in (20.69 %) and thymic lesions in (18.97 %) of patients. Neurogenic tumours found in (13.79 %) were located in posterior mediastinum whereas, germ cell tumours and lymphomas were located in anterior mediastinum. Non neoplastic lesions included tuberculosis, sarcoidosis. Unsuspected lesion was metastatic deposit of adenoid cystic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS A wide variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions can be found in different compartments of mediastinum and accurate diagnosis is considered necessary to formulate management strategies. KEYWORDS Mediastinum, Biopsy, Radiology, Histopathology